Unfit or disliked: How descriptive and prescriptive gender stereotypes lead to discrimination against women.

Decades of research attest to the role of gender stereotypes in the emergence of gender-based discrimination. Placing a focus on recent studies, we provide evidence that gender stereotypes continue to negatively affect women's career outcomes in jobs and fields that are seen as male in gender-type. We identify two pathways through which gender stereotypes bring about discrimination: Whereas descriptive gender stereotypes lead to gender discrimination through negative performance expectations produced by lack-of-fit perceptions, prescriptive gender stereotypes lead to gender discrimination through social penalties elicited by perceived stereotype violation.

Are organizational justice rules gendered? Reactions to men's and women's justice violations.

Research has shown that gender role prescriptions can bias reactions to men's and women's work behaviors. The current work draws upon this idea and extends it to consider violations of procedural and interactional justice rules. The results of four experimental studies demonstrate that men and women receive differential performance evaluation ratings and reward recommendations when they violate those organizational justice rules that coincide with the content of prescriptive gender stereotypes.

Fairness at the collective level: a meta-analytic examination of the consequences and boundary conditions of organizational justice climate.

This article uses meta-analytic methods (k = 38) to examine the relationship between organizational justice climate and unit-level effectiveness. Overall, our results suggest that the relationship between justice and effectiveness is significant (ρ = .40) when both constructs are construed at the collective level.

Assessing the unmet treatment need in partial-onset epilepsy: looking beyond seizure control.

Patients with resistant epilepsy are often coprescribed multiple medications and are more likely to experience drug-drug interactions and adverse events (AEs). A new generation of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) has been developed with improved safety/tolerability profiles. To evaluate the unmet treatment needs in epilepsy, a comprehensive search of the English-language literature was conducted on Medline and other databases using the terms "partial epilepsy" and "focal seizure," focusing on newer AEDs.

Economic burden of epilepsy among the privately insured in the US.

Background: The direct cost burden of epilepsy in the US from a third-party payer perspective has not been evaluated. Furthermore, no study has quantified the indirect (work-loss) cost burden of epilepsy from an employer perspective in the US.

Objective: To assess the annual direct costs for privately insured US patients diagnosed with epilepsy, and indirect costs for a subset of employees from an employer perspective.