Neutralizing Autoantibodies against Interleukin-10 in Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

We discovered high-titer neutralizing autoantibodies against interleukin-10 in a child with infantile-onset inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a phenocopy of inborn errors of interleukin-10 signaling. After B-cell-depletion therapy and an associated decrease in the anti-interleukin-10 titer, conventional IBD therapy could be withdrawn. A second child with neutralizing anti-interleukin-10 autoantibodies had a milder course of IBD and has been treated without B-cell depletion.

Body size predicts ontogenetic nitrogen stable-isotope (δN) variation, but has little relationship with trophic level in ectotherm vertebrate predators.

Large predators have disproportionate effects on their underlying food webs. Thus, appropriately assigning trophic positions has important conservation implications both for the predators themselves and for their prey. Large-bodied predators are often referred to as apex predators, implying that they are many trophic levels above primary producers.

Increasing water nutrient reduces the availability of high-quality food resources for aquatic consumers and consequently simplifies river food webs.

While eutrophication has led to serious habitat degradation and biotic shifts in freshwater ecosystems, most current studies have focused on changes in community assemblages, with few considering the effect of eutrophication on food webs. We conducted a field study in subtropical headwater streams with a gradient of water nutrient levels to examine the effect of increasing water nutrients on food webs by using the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) as a measure of the nutritional quality of food. Basal food resources (macrophytes, submerged leaf litter, and periphyton), and aquatic consumers (macroinvertebrates and fish) were collected, and their fatty acid (FA) profiles were analyzed.