CYP2C gene polymorphisms in North African populations.

Background: Cytochrome P450 is a superfamily of genes generating hemoproteins that metabolize foreign chemicals as well as endogenous compounds, such as steroids. The human CYP2C genes (CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C18, CYP2C19) cluster on chromosome 10 and metabolize many clinically useful drugs. CYP2C19 and CYP2C9 have been the most studied while CYP2C8 has been studied less frequently.

Upgrading Land-Cover and Vegetation Seasonality in the ECMWF Coupled System: Verification With FLUXNET Sites, METEOSAT Satellite Land Surface Temperatures, and ERA5 Atmospheric Reanalysis.

In this study, we show that limitations in the representation of land cover and vegetation seasonality in the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF) model are partially responsible for large biases (up to ∼10°C, either positive or negative depending on the region) on the simulated daily maximum land surface temperature (LST) with respect to satellite Earth Observations (EOs) products from the Land Surface Analysis Satellite Application Facility. The error patterns were coherent in offline land-surface and coupled land-atmosphere simulations, and in ECMWF's latest generation reanalysis (ERA5). Subsequently, we updated the ECMWF model's land cover characterization leveraging on state-of-the-art EOs-the European Space Agency Climate Change Initiative land cover data set and the Copernicus Global Land Services leaf area index.

Global nature run data with realistic high-resolution carbon weather for the year of the Paris Agreement.

The CO Human Emissions project has generated realistic high-resolution 9 km global simulations for atmospheric carbon tracers referred to as nature runs to foster carbon-cycle research applications with current and planned satellite missions, as well as the surge of in situ observations. Realistic atmospheric CO, CH and CO fields can provide a reference for assessing the impact of proposed designs of new satellites and in situ networks and to study atmospheric variability of the tracers modulated by the weather. The simulations spanning 2015 are based on the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service forecasts at the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts, with improvements in various model components and input data such as anthropogenic emissions, in preparation of a CO Monitoring and Verification Support system.