Posteromedial elbow dislocation with lateral humeral condyle fracture in children: How to manage? Case report and review of the literature.

Posteromedial dislocation of the elbow is a rare entity even exceptional if associated with a lateral condylar fracture. Very few isolated cases are reported in the English literature. We report an additional case of a 14-year-old child admitted for elbow trauma during scholar sport and presented a posteromedial elbow dislocation associated with a fracture of the lateral humeral condyle.

Isolated proximal tibiofibular dislocation: Don't miss it.

Proximal tibiofibular joint (PTFJ) dislocation is a rare but significant traumatic knee injury that often goes undetected due to its subtle presentation and the rarity of the condition. It accounts for less than 1% of all knee injuries, making it an uncommon diagnosis in clinical practice. Despite its rarity, the implications of missing this injury can be profound, leading to chronic pain, instability, and potential nerve damage if not appropriately managed.

Spatially organized striatal neuromodulator release encodes trajectory errors.

Goal-directed navigation requires animals to continuously evaluate their current direction and speed of travel relative to landmarks to discern whether they are approaching or deviating from their goal. Striatal dopamine and acetylcholine are powerful modulators of goal-directed behavior, but it is unclear whether and how neuromodulator dynamics at landmarks incorporate relative motion for effective behavioral guidance. Using optical measurements in mice, we demonstrate that cue-evoked striatal dopamine release encodes bi-directional 'trajectory errors' reflecting relationships between ongoing speed and direction of locomotion and visual flow relative to optimal goal trajectories.

Spatially organized striatum-wide acetylcholine dynamics for the learning and extinction of Pavlovian cues and actions.

Striatal acetylcholine (ACh) has been linked to behavioral flexibility. A key component of flexibility is down-regulating responding as valued cues and actions become decoupled from positive outcomes. We used array fiber photometry in mice to investigate how ACh release across the striatum evolves during learning and extinction of Pavlovian associations.