A non-hormonal reversible contraceptive targeting GSK3α, a protein kinase, essential for epididymal sperm maturation.

Background And Objectives: Epididymal transit renders key competence to mammalian spermatozoa for fertilizing eggs. Generally, the two paralogs of glycogen synthase kinase 3, GSK3α and GSK3β, functionally overlap except in testis and sperm. We showed that GSK3α is essential for epididymal sperm maturation and fertilization.

PP1γ1 is unable to substitute for the mammal-specific PP1γ2 isoform to support male fertility and sperm function.

The serine-threonine phosphatase has four paralogs - PP1α, PP1β, PP1γ1 and PP1γ2 - encoded by three genes, Ppp1ca, Ppp1cb, and Ppp1cc. Protein phosphatase PP1γ2, one of two isoforms of the gene Ppp1cc, is expressed in spermatogenic cells in testis and sperm, while PP1γ1 is found in somatic cells. The two PP1γ isoforms, formed by alternate splicing which occurs only in mammals, are identical except at their C-termini.

A Randomized Trial Assessing the Effectiveness of High-fidelity Simulation Training in Managing Maternal Cardiac Arrest among Emergency Medical Professionals in India.

Introduction: Maternal cardiac arrest is a rare but critical event that poses significant risks to both the mother and the fetus. As majority of population in India lives in the rural areas, Emergency Medical Professionals assist in childbirth in transit in ambulances. This timely assistance ensures the safe transportation of both mother and new born baby to the hospital.