Biomarkers in congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

Monitoring of hormone replacement therapy represents a major challenge in the management of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). In the absence of clear guidance and standardised monitoring strategies, there is no consensus among clinicians regarding the relevance of various biochemical markers used in practice, leading to wide variability in their application and interpretation. In this review, we summarise the published evidence on biochemical monitoring of CAH.

A vaccine targeting resistant tumours by dual T cell plus NK cell attack.

Most cancer vaccines target peptide antigens, necessitating personalization owing to the vast inter-individual diversity in major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules that present peptides to T cells. Furthermore, tumours frequently escape T cell-mediated immunity through mechanisms that interfere with peptide presentation. Here we report a cancer vaccine that induces a coordinated attack by diverse T cell and natural killer (NK) cell populations.

Immunosuppressive Myeloid Cells Induce Nitric Oxide-Dependent DNA Damage and p53 Pathway Activation in CD8 T Cells.

Tumor-infiltrating myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) are associated with poor survival outcomes in many human cancers. MDSCs inhibit T cell-mediated tumor immunity in part because they strongly inhibit T-cell function. However, whether MDSCs inhibit early or later steps of T-cell activation is not well established.