Basic Science and Pathogenesis.

Background: Calcineurin, a protein involved in functions such as synaptic plasticity and neuronal survival, plays an important role in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease. This study, randomized, investigated the effects of FK506 (FK), a calcineurin inhibitor, on the behavioral, histological, and biochemical alterations observed in models of neurotoxicity induced by NMDA or Aβ and in a transgenic model for AD, in addition to the organotypic culture model stimulated with NMDA.

Methods: This study involved models for AD to experiment injecting NMDA or Aβ1-42 into the hippocampus of male C57Bl/6 mice aged 8-12 weeks to induce a neurotoxicity model, treating double-transgenic APP/PS1 mice, expressing both mouse/human APP and mutant human PS1, with chronic FK506 for AD, in which, to enable NMDA or Aβ1-42 microinjections, another experiment including a stereotaxic surgery was performed on the C57Bl/6 mice.

Modified temporary colostomy in a dog for treatment of rectal infection after complication of perineal herniorrhaphy.

Background: Surgeries performed on the gastrointestinal system represent a significant caseload among small animal surgeries. Colostomy aims to temporarily or permanently divert the gastrointestinal tract but it is not commonly performed in veterinary medicine. Information regarding such procedures is scarce and the surgical technique is poorly described.

Deep genetic divergences and few morphological changes support the cryptic speciation in Larimus breviceps (Sciaenidae, Acanthuriformes) from the western South Atlantic.

We evaluate the evidence of cryptic speciation in Larimus breviceps, a species widely distributed in the western South Atlantic, from the Greater Antilles to Santa Catarina in Brazil. Mitochondrial (COI, Cyt b, and Control Region) and nuclear (IGF1 and Tmo-4C4) sequences were obtained from populations in the western South Atlantic. The analysis revealed two genetically distinct, sympatric lineages with no gene flow, with L.

Vaginal metatranscriptome meta-analysis reveals functional BV subgroups and novel colonisation strategies.

Background: The application of '-omics' technologies to study bacterial vaginosis (BV) has uncovered vast differences in composition and scale between the vaginal microbiomes of healthy and BV patients. Compared to amplicon sequencing and shotgun metagenomic approaches focusing on a single or few species, investigating the transcriptome of the vaginal microbiome at a system-wide level can provide insight into the functions which are actively expressed and differential between states of health and disease.

Results: We conducted a meta-analysis of vaginal metatranscriptomes from three studies, split into exploratory (n = 42) and validation (n = 297) datasets, accounting for the compositional nature of sequencing data and differences in scale between healthy and BV microbiomes.