Impact of the implementation of the safewards model on the social climate on adolescent psychiatric wards.

The Safewards model was created to reduce conflict and containment in psychiatric inpatient units. The model suggests alternative methods for containment and aims to create a safer hospital experience for both patients and staff. The evaluation of this model has provided evidence that it might be implemented on adolescent psychiatric wards.

Brain phenotype of carbonic anhydrase IX-deficient mice.

Preliminary observations have suggested mild behavioral changes and a morphological disruption of brain histology in 1.5-year-old carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX)-deficient (Car9 (-/-)) mice. These findings led us to design a 1-year follow-up study in which the behavior and brain histology of Car9 (-/-) and wild-type mice were monitored.

Adsorption of sugar beet herbicides to Finnish soils.

Three sugar beet herbicides, ethofumesate, phenmedipham and metamitron, are currently used on conventional sugar beet cultivation, while new varieties of herbicide resistant (HR) sugar beet, tolerant of glyphosate or glufosinate-ammonium, are under field testing in Finland. Little knowledge has so far been available on the adsorption of these herbicides to Finnish soils. The adsorption of these five herbicides was studied using the batch equilibrium method in 21 soil samples collected from different depths.

Cutaneous lymphocyte antigen expression on human effector B cells depends on the site and on the nature of antigen encounter.

In contrast to T cells, information on skin-homing B cells expressing the cutaneous lymphocyte antigen (CLA) is sparse. CLA expression on human B cells was investigated among circulating immunoglobulin-secreting cells (ISC) and among antigen-specific antibody-secreting cells (ASC) elicited by parenteral, oral or rectal primary immunization, or by parenteral or oral secondary immunization with Salmonella typhi Ty21a. CLA expression was examined by combining cell sorting with an enzyme-linked immunospot assay.