Intravenous Fentanyl 4 μg per kg Administered before Scalp Pin Application is Inferior to Scalp Block in Preventing Hemodynamic Changes.

Background: Application of scalp pins for craniotomy surgeries is a noxious stimulus, causing tachycardia and hypertension, resulting in increased cerebral blood flow and elevated intracranial pressure, hence measures to attenuate this will have beneficial role.

Aims: The aim is to compare the effectiveness of scalp block (SB) to 4 μg.kg intravenous (i.