CT in pediatric trauma patients.

The decision as to whether to perform a computed tomography (CT) examination in severe pediatric trauma poses a challenge. The therapeutic benefit of computed tomography in injured children is lower compared to adults, while the potential negative effects of ionizing radiation may be higher. Thus, the threshold for CT should be higher.

[Congenital diaphragmatic hernia : Imaging-from diagnosis to aftercare].

Standard Radiological Methods: Fetal: Ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); postnatal: conventional X‑ray diagnostics, computed tomography (CT) and MRI.

Methodical Innovations: MRI-based lung ventilation and perfusion measurement.

Practical Recommendations: Lifelong follow-up care should be provided, in which radiology is part of the treatment team.

[Septic arthritis and transient synovitis of the hip].

Clinical/methodical Issue: Differentiating between septic arthritis and transient synovitis can be challenging but is very important as a late diagnosis of septic arthritis can lead to sepsis and joint damage. For correct diagnosis and prediction of complications, the right combination of physical examination, laboratory and radiological studies is needed.

Standard Radiological Methods: Hip ultrasound is easy to learn and has a high sensitivity for joint effusion.

[Sports injuries in children and adolescents].

Clinical/methodological Issue: Due to active participation of children and adolescents in school sports as well as in club sports, sporting injuries in childhood are common. Because skeletal maturity is not yet complete, injury patterns in children differ from sporting injuries in adults. Knowledge of the pathophysiologic characteristics, as well as knowledge of typical injury sequelae, is of great relevance to radiologists.

Feedback, fairness, and validity: effects of disclosing and reusing multiple-choice questions in medical schools.

Background: Disclosure of items used in multiple-choice-question (MCQ) exams may decrease student anxiety and improve transparency, feedback, and test-enhanced learning but potentially compromises the reliability and fairness of exams if items are eventually reused. Evidence regarding whether disclosure and reuse of test items change item psychometrics is scarce and inconclusive.

Methods: We retrospectively analysed difficulty and discrimination coefficients of 10,148 MCQ items used between fall 2017 and fall 2019 in a large European medical school in which items were disclosed from fall 2017 onwards.