Carbonylation reactions of iodoarenes with PAMAM dendrimer-palladium catalysts immobilized on silica.

Palladium complexes immobilized onto generation 0-3 PAMAM dendrimers supported on silica were used as catalysts for the carbonylation of iodobenzene in methanol to form methyl benzoate. High yields were obtained and the catalyst was recycled 4-5 times without significant loss of activity. The carbonylation reaction was found to be applicable to a variety of iodoarenes regardless of the nature of the substituent.

Diagnosis and management of malignant germ cell ovarian tumors in young females.

Germ cell tumors (GCT) compose most of the preadolescent malignant ovarian tumors; dysgerminoma being the most common (48%), followed by endodermal sinus tumor, immature teratoma, mixed GCT and embryonal carcinoma. The percentage of malignant epithelial ovarian tumors rises with increasing age, while that of the GCT tumors declines. Of all tumor markers discussed, only AFP and hCG are being routinely monitored.

A surplus of physicians in Israel: any lessons for the United States and other industrialized countries?

In Israel, there is a consensus that there is a surplus of physicians. An examination of the Israeli situation may suggest some responses that will be taken by policy makers and physicians in the United States and other industrialized countries as the supply of physicians continues to increase. Specifically, we examine the impact of rising physician supply on the geographic distribution of physicians in Israel, the length of the training period for residency programs, the interaction between physicians and other professionals, and the level of physician incomes compared to other Israeli workers.