Introduction to Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) in Pathology & Medicine: Generative & Non-Generative AI Basics.

This manuscript serves as an introduction to a comprehensive seven-part review article series on artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) and their current and future influence within pathology and medicine. This introductory review provides a comprehensive grasp of this fast-expanding realm and its potential to transform medical diagnosis, workflow, research, and education. Fundamental terminology employed in AI-ML is covered using an extensive dictionary.

Disentangling Sources of Momentum Fluctuations in Xe+Xe and Pb+Pb Collisions with the ATLAS Detector.

High-energy nuclear collisions create a quark-gluon plasma, whose initial condition and subsequent expansion vary from event to event, impacting the distribution of the eventwise average transverse momentum [P([p_{T}])]. Disentangling the contributions from fluctuations in the nuclear overlap size (geometrical component) and other sources at a fixed size (intrinsic component) remains a challenge. This problem is addressed by measuring the mean, variance, and skewness of P([p_{T}]) in ^{208}Pb+^{208}Pb and ^{129}Xe+^{129}Xe collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=5.

Effects of exercise on vascular remodelling and fetal growth in uncomplicated and abortion-prone mouse pregnancies.

Studies in humans and rodents show exercise in pregnancy can modulate maternal blood pressure, vascular volume, and placental efficiency, but whether exercise affects early uteroplacental vascular adaptations is unknown. To investigate this, CBA/J female mice mated with BALB/c males to generate healthy uncomplicated pregnancies (BALB/c-mated) or mated with DBA/2J males to generate abortion-prone pregnancies (DBA/2J-mated), were subjected to treadmill exercise (5 days/week, 10 m/min, 30 min/day for 6 weeks before and throughout pregnancy), or remained sedentary. In uncomplicated pregnancies, exercise caused symmetric fetal growth restriction in fetuses evidenced by reductions in fetal weight, crown-to-rump length, abdominal girth and biparietal diameter.

International prevalence patterns of low eGFR in adults aged 18-60 without traditional risk factors from a population-based cross-sectional disadvantaged populations eGFR epidemiology (DEGREE) study.

The disadvantaged populations eGFR (estimated glomerular filtration rate) epidemiology (DEGREE) study was designed to gain insight into the burden of chronic kidney disease (CKD) of undetermined cause (CKDu) using standard protocols to estimate the general-population prevalence of low eGFR internationally. Therefore, we estimated the age-standardized prevalence of eGFR under 60 ml/min per 1.73m in adults aged 18-60, excluding participants with commonly known causes of CKD; an ACR (albumin/creatinine ratio) over 300 mg/g or equivalent, or self-reported or measured (HT) hypertension or (DM) diabetes mellitus, stratified by sex and location.

Replicability of Strength Domains in Australian Rules Football Athletes.

Geneau, MC, Carey, DL, Gastin, PB, Robertson, S, and James, LP. Replicability of strength domains in Australian rules football athletes. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2024-Maximal lower body strength is a multidimensional construct defined as the maximum force application under specific task constraints.