PET/CT guided tuberculosis treatment shortening: a randomized trial.

Six months of chemotherapy using current agents is standard of care for pulmonary, drug-sensitive tuberculosis (TB), even though some are believed to be cured more rapidly and others require longer therapy. Understanding what factors determine the length of treatment required for durable cure in individual patients would allow individualization of treatment durations, provide better clinical tools to determine the of appropriate duration of new regimens, as well as reduce the cost of large Phase III studies to determine the optimal combinations to use in TB control programs. We conducted a randomized clinical trial in South Africa and China that recruited 704 participants with newly diagnosed, drug-sensitive pulmonary tuberculosis and stratified them based on radiographic disease characteristics as assessed by FDG PET/CT scan readers.

Large-Scale Study on AI's Impact on Identifying Chest Radiographs with No Actionable Disease in Outpatient Imaging.

Rationale And Objectives: Given the high volume of chest radiographs, radiologists frequently encounter heavy workloads. In outpatient imaging, a substantial portion of chest radiographs show no actionable findings. Automatically identifying these cases could improve efficiency by facilitating shorter reading workflows.

Blood transcriptomic signatures for symptomatic tuberculosis in an African multicohort study.

Background: Multiple host blood transcriptional signatures have been developed as non-sputum triage tests for tuberculosis (TB). We aimed to compare the diagnostic performance of 20 blood transcriptomic TB signatures for differentiating between symptomatic patients who have TB other respiratory diseases (ORD).

Methods: As part of a nested case-control study, individuals presenting with respiratory symptoms at primary healthcare clinics in Ethiopia, Malawi, Namibia, Uganda, South Africa and The Gambia were enrolled.

Prevalence and Survival of Prolonged Venovenous Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: An Analysis of the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization Registry.

Objectives: To examine trends in utilization and outcomes among patients with the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) requiring prolonged venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV ECMO) support.

Design: Retrospective observational cohort study.

Setting: Adult patients in the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization registry.

Transcriptomic Signatures of Progression to Tuberculosis Disease Among Close Contacts in Brazil.

Background: Approximately 5% of people infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis progress to tuberculosis (TB) disease without preventive therapy. There is a need for a prognostic test to identify those at highest risk of incident TB so that therapy can be targeted. We evaluated host blood transcriptomic signatures for progression to TB disease.