The hummingbird's adipostat: can a simple rule explain torpor frequency and duration in hummingbirds?

Because hummingbirds are small and have an expensive mode of locomotion, they have constrained energy budgets. Torpor is used to buffer against these energetic challenges, but its frequency and duration vary. We measured lipid content, metabolic rates and torpor use in two species of migrating hummingbirds, calliope () and rufous hummingbirds () at a stopover site.

Mesenchymal stromal cell-derived extracellular vesicles therapy openings new translational challenges in immunomodulating acute liver inflammation.

Inflammation plays a critical role in conditions such as acute liver failure, acute-on-chronic liver failure, and ischemia-reperfusion-induced liver injury. Various pathogenic pathways contribute to liver inflammation, involving inflammatory polarization of macrophages and Küpffer cells, neutrophil infiltration, dysregulation of T cell subsets, oxidative stress, and activation of hepatic stellate cells. While mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have demonstrated beneficial properties, their clinical translation is limited by their cellular nature.

Daily Torpor in Birds and Mammals: Past, Present, and Future of the Field.

Torpor is an incredibly efficient energy-saving strategy that many endothermic birds and mammals use to save energy, by lowering their metabolic rates, heart rates, and typically body temperatures. Over the last few decades, the study of daily torpor-in which torpor is used for less than 24 hours per bout-has advanced rapidly. The papers in this issue cover the ecological and evolutionary drivers of torpor, as well as some of the mechanisms governing torpor use.

Death after smoking of fentanyl, 5F-ADB, 5F-MDMB-P7AICA and other synthetic cannabinoids with a bucket bong.

Purpose: We report a case of a polydrug user who consumed various synthetic cannabinoids and fentanyl from a transdermal patch via a bucket bong. Toxicological results from postmortem matrices with special focus on synthetic cannabinoids are discussed in terms of their relevance to the death.

Methods: The samples were analyzed by toxicological screening procedures involving immunoassays and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) as well as quantitative analyses by means of GC-MS and high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS).