Xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitor topiroxostat ameliorates podocyte injury by inhibiting the reduction of nephrin and podoplanin.

Background: Topiroxostat, an inhibitor of xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) was shown to reduce urinary albumin excretion of hyperuricemic patients with chronic kidney disease. However, its pharmacological mechanism is not well understood. In this study, we examined the effects of topiroxostat on glomerular podocytes.

Solid Nanocrystals of Rebamipide Promote Recovery from Indomethacin-Induced Gastrointestinal Bleeding.

Indomethacin (IMC)-induced gastrointestinal (GI) injuries are more common in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients than in other IMC users, and the overexpression of nitric oxide (NO) via inducible NO synthase (iNOS) is related to the seriousness of IMC-induced GI injuries. However, sufficient strategies to prevent IMC-induced GI injuries have not yet been established. In this study, we designed dispersions of rebamipide (RBM) solid nanocrystals (particle size: 30-190 nm) by a bead mill method (RBM-NDs), and investigated whether the oral administration of RBM-NDs is useful to prevent IMC-induced GI injuries.

Uric acid-lowering and renoprotective effects of topiroxostat, a selective xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitor, in patients with diabetic nephropathy and hyperuricemia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study (UPWARD study).

Background: Hyperuricemia is supposed to be an independent risk factor for kidney dysfunction in diabetic patients. We attempted to examine the uric acid-lowering effect and the renoprotective effect of topiroxostat, a selective xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitor, in patients with diabetic nephropathy and hyperuricemia in this pilot study.

Methods: The study design was randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study.

Effects of topiroxostat and febuxostat on urinary albumin excretion and plasma xanthine oxidoreductase activity in db/db mice.

Topiroxostat, a xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) inhibitor, has been shown to decrease the urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio compared with placebo in hyperuricemic patients with stage 3 chronic kidney disease. Thus, we aimed to ascertain the albuminuria-lowering effect of topiroxostat in diabetic mouse. Db/db mice were fed standard diets with or without topiroxostat (0.

Amino Acid esters prevent thermal inactivation and aggregation of lysozyme.

Small potent inhibitors of aggregation are eagerly demanded for preventing the inactivation of proteins. This paper shows that amino acid esters (AAEs) prevent heat-induced aggregation and inactivation of hen egg lysozyme. Lysozyme was completely inactivated (<1% original activity) during heat treatment at 98 degrees C for 30 min in a solution containing 0.

High temperature increases the refolding yield of reduced lysozyme: implication for the productive process for folding.

Misfolding poses a serious problem in the biotechnological field in obtaining the active protein from inclusion bodies. Here we show that high temperature increases the refolding yield of reduced lyosyzme by a simple dilution method. The refolding yields at 98 degrees C were three times higher than those at 20 degrees C in the solutions tested, which is related to the fact that the thermally unfolded state of lysozyme is a more productive form for folding than the denaturant-induced fully unfolded state.