Excess heat production of the pair annihilation of ionic vacancies in a copper redox reaction using a double bipolar MHD electrode.

Through a copper double bipolar magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) electrode (MHDE) producing twice the amounts of ionic vacancies than a conventional single MHDE, the molar excess heat of the pair annihilation of ionic vacancies, 702 kJ mol at 10 T on average was obtained in a copper redox reaction. It was about twice as large as that of a single MHDE, 387 kJ mol at the same magnetic field. This result strongly suggests that a multi-channel bipolar MHDE will produce much greater excess heat.

Long-Term Electrodeposition under a Uniform Parallel Magnetic Field. 1. Instability of Two-Dimensional Nucleation in an Electric Double Layer.

Under a parallel magnetic field, after long-term copper deposition from an acidic copper sulfate solution, numerous spherical secondary nodules of 10 to 100 μm diameters were formed one upon another in dendritic mode. This is a new type of micro-magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) effect arising from the unstable growth of three-dimensional (3D) and two-dimensional (2D) nuclei by specific adsorption of hydrogen ions (second micro-MHD effect). From the viewpoint of instability in electrodeposition, though 3D nucleation in the diffusion layer is always unstable, with ionic specific adsorption such as hydrogen ions, stable 2D nucleation turns unstable after long-term deposition.

Excess heat production in the redox couple reaction of ferricyanide and ferrocyanide.

In order to establish the universality of the excess heat production in electrochemical reaction, under a high magnetic field, as one of the most fundamental electrochemical reactions, the case of ferricyanide-ferrocyanide redox reaction was examined, where ionic vacancies with ± 1 unit charge were collided by means of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow. As a result, from the pair annihilation of the vacancies with opposite signs, beyond 7 T, excess heat production up to 25 kJ·mol in average at 15 T was observed, which was attributed to the liberation of the solvation energy stored in a pair of the vacancy cores with a 0.32 nm radius, i.

Excess Heat Production by the Pair Annihilation of Ionic Vacancies in Copper Redox Reactions.

In the pair annihilation of ionic vacancies with opposite charges, a drastic excess heat production up to 410 kJ mol in average at 10 T (i. e., 1.

Magneto-Dendrite Effect: Copper Electrodeposition under High Magnetic Field.

Ionic vacancy is a by-product in electrochemical reaction, composed of polarized free space of the order of 0.1 nm with a 1 s lifetime, and playing key roles in nano-electrochemical processes. However, its chemical nature has not yet been clarified.

Regressing vitelline vein and the initial development of the superior mesenteric vein in human embryos.

The superior mesenteric vein was considered to develop in situ in the midgut mesentery secondary to regression of the left vitelline vein. We revisited the morphology using serial sections of 20 embryos at 5-6 weeks (CRL 9-15 mm). The regressing vitelline vein provided a long peritoneal fold in the immediately superior side of the midgut mesentery containing the thick superior mesenteric artery.

Origin of Nanobubbles Electrochemically Formed in a Magnetic Field: Ionic Vacancy Production in Electrode Reaction.

As a process complementing conventional electrode reactions, ionic vacancy production in electrode reaction was theoretically examined; whether reaction is anodic or cathodic, based on the momentum conservation by Newton's second law of motion, electron transfer necessarily leads to the emission of original embryo vacancies, and dielectric polarization endows to them the same electric charge as trans- ferred in the reaction. Then, the emitted embryo vacancies immediately receive the thermal relaxation of solution particles to develop steady-state vacancies. After the vacancy production, nanobubbles are created by the collision of the vacancies in a vertical magnetic field.

Lifetime of Ionic Vacancy Created in Redox Electrode Reaction Measured by Cyclotron MHD Electrode.

The lifetimes of ionic vacancies created in ferricyanide-ferrocyanide redox reaction have been first measured by means of cyclotron magnetohydrodynamic electrode, which is composed of coaxial cylinders partly exposed as electrodes and placed vertically in an electrolytic solution under a vertical magnetic field, so that induced Lorentz force makes ionic vacancies circulate together with the solution along the circumferences. At low magnetic fields, due to low velocities, ionic vacancies once created become extinct on the way of returning, whereas at high magnetic fields, in enhanced velocities, they can come back to their initial birthplaces. Detecting the difference between these two states, we can measure the lifetime of ionic vacancy.

Surface chirality induced by rotational electrodeposition in magnetic fields.

The surfaces of minerals could serve important catalytic roles in the prebiotic syntheses of organic molecules, such as amino acids. Thus, the surface chirality is responsible for the asymmetric syntheses of biomolecules. Here, we show induction of the surface chirality of copper metal film by electrodeposition via electrochemical cell rotation in magnetic fields.