Power scalable 30-W mid-infrared fluoride fiber amplifier.

A fluoride-fiber-based master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) for 30-W class continuous-wave (cw) operation at 2.8-μm wavelength has been demonstrated. To overcome the low durability of ZBLAN fibers, various novel technologies for using fluoride glass with a ZBLAN-fiber-based side-pump combiner have been adopted in the system.

Different scapular kinematics in healthy subjects during arm elevation and lowering: glenohumeral and scapulothoracic patterns.

Hypothesis: The scapulothoracic (ST) joint affects glenohumeral (GH) joint function. We observed 3-dimensional scapular motions during arm elevation and lowering to identify the scapulohumeral rhythm in healthy subjects and to compare it between the dominant and nondominant arms.

Materials And Methods: Twenty-one healthy subjects participated in this study.

Analysis of the scapulohumeral rhythm and electromyography of the shoulder muscles during elevation and lowering: comparison of dominant and nondominant shoulders.

Hypothesis: Assessment of whether elevation and lowering of the dominant and nondominant arms occur in a similar manner in healthy individuals is clinically important in terms of shoulder disorders.

Materials And Methods: We examined the scapulohumeral rhythm (SHR) and performed electromyography (EMG) for the middle deltoid, upper trapezius, lower trapezius, and lower part of the serratus anterior muscles of both shoulders in 18 healthy volunteers (14 men, 4 women) with a mean age of 24 years (range, 19-30 years). The participants randomly elevated and lowered either the right or left arm in the scapular plane, and the motion was measured using a 3-dimensional motion analyzer.