Glyoxal Induces Senescence in Human Keratinocytes through Oxidative Stress and Activation of the Protein Kinase B/FOXO3a/p27 Pathway.

Senescence is a well-characterized cellular state associated with specific markers such as permanent cell proliferation arrest and the secretion of messenger molecules by cells expressing the senescence-associated secretory phenotype. The senescence-associated secretory phenotype composition depends on many factors such as the cell type or the nature of the stress that induces senescence. Because the skin constitutes a barrier with the external environment, it is particularly subjected to different types of stresses and consequently prone to premature cellular aging.