Classifications of Odontoid Process Fractures: A Systematic Review and Proposal of a New Simplified Classification System Based on Embryology.

Odontoid fractures are the most common cervical spine fractures in the elderly. Although many classification systems have been developed for them, the ambiguity in various definitions can potentially lead to misunderstandings. This paper aims to review the terminologies and current classification systems of odontoid fractures and propose a new, simplified anatomical classification.

The Échancrure of the Uncovertebral Joint: A Forgotten Structure of the C3-C7 Cervical Vertebral Bodies.

Introduction The  (a French term meaning "indentation") of the cervical vertebrae is the poorly defined articular part on the inferolateral aspect of the cervical spine body, which, with the uncinate processes of the associated caudal vertebra, makes up the joints of Luschka (uncovertebral joint). With no known previous studies on the , the present anatomical study aimed to better elucidate this structure, its prevalence, and its relationships to the adjacent intervertebral foramen and uncinate process. Methods We observed 50 adult cervical spines (100 sides) for the presence of an .

Evaluation and Management of Spinal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in a Patient with Lupus Vasculitis.

BACKGROUND Isolated spinal artery subarachnoid hemorrhage is a rare occurrence in the general population, but occurs more commonly as one of many neurologic sequela of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The etiology of a neurologic deficit in an SLE patient is often multifactorial. Comorbid conditions, such as antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, predispose to stroke.

Sequence determinants of the Caenhorhabditis elegans dopamine transporter dictating in vivo axonal export and synaptic localization.

The monoamine neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) acts across phylogeny to modulate both simple and complex behaviors. The presynaptic DA transporter (DAT) is a major determinant of DA signaling capacity in ensuring efficient extracellular DA clearance. In humans, DAT is also a major target for prescribed and abused psychostimulants.

Repeated restraint stress exposure during early withdrawal accelerates incubation of cue-induced cocaine craving.

A major challenge for treating cocaine addiction is the propensity for abstinent users to relapse. Two important triggers for relapse are cues associated with prior drug use and stressful life events. To study their interaction in promoting relapse during abstinence, we used the incubation model of craving and relapse in which cue-induced drug seeking progressively intensifies ('incubates') during withdrawal from extended-access cocaine self-administration.