Leveraging Large Language Models in Radiology Research: A Comprehensive User Guide.

Large Language Models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT have been increasingly integrated into radiology research, revolutionizing the research landscape. The Radiology Research Alliance (RRA) of the Association for Academic Radiology (AAR) has convened a Task Force to develop this guide to help radiology researchers responsibly adopt LLM technologies. LLMs can improve various phases of the research process by helping to automate literature reviews, generate research questions, analyze complex datasets, and draft manuscripts.

Next Level of Care Protocols in Radiology: Improving Patient Access to Care.

Objective: To introduce a novel next level of care (NLC) protocol used in our breast imaging practice to bypass additional imaging and image-guided biopsy orders and to examine the impact of NLC on breast biopsy wait times compared with thyroid biopsy wait times, which do not use NLC.

Methods: Our institutional review board deemed this retrospective analysis to be exempt. NLC was implemented for breast imaging in late 2014.

Large variation in radiation dose for routine abdomen CT: reasons for excess and easy tips for reduction.

Objective: To characterize the use and impact of radiation dose reduction techniques in actual practice for routine abdomen CT.

Methods: We retrospectively analyzed consecutive routine abdomen CT scans in adults from a large dose registry, contributed by 95 hospitals and imaging facilities. Grouping exams into deciles by, first, patient size, and second, size-adjusted dose length product (DLP), we summarized dose and technical parameters and estimated which parameters contributed most to between-protocols dose variation.

ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Headache: 2022 Update.

Headache is an ancient problem plaguing a large proportion of the population. At present, headache disorders rank third among the global causes of disability, accounting for over $78 billion per year in direct and indirect costs in the United States. Given the prevalence of headache and the wide range of possible etiologies, the goal of this document is to help clarify the most appropriate initial imaging guidelines for headache for eight clinical scenarios/variants, which range from acute onset, life-threatening etiologies to chronic benign scenarios.

White Paper: Best Practices in the Communication and Management of Actionable Incidental Findings in Emergency Department Imaging.

Purpose: Actionable incidental findings (AIFs) are common in radiologic imaging. Imaging is commonly performed in emergency department (ED) visits, and AIFs are frequently encountered, but the ED presents unique challenges for communication and follow-up of these findings. The authors formed a multidisciplinary panel to seek consensus regarding best practices in the reporting, communication, and follow-up of AIFs on ED imaging tests.

4D CT to assess spinal instability in developmental anomaly of posterior arch of atlas.

Four-dimensional (4D) CT uniquely allows cinematic visualization of the entirety of joint motion throughout dynamic movement, which can reveal subtle or transient internal joint derangements not evident on static images. As developmental anomalies of the posterior arch can predispose to cervical spinal instability and neurological morbidity, precise assessment of spinal movement during motion is of clinical relevance. We describe the use of 4D-CT in a subject with partial absence of posterior C1 arch.

Diagnostic reference levels and median doses for common clinical indications of CT: findings from an international registry.

Ob Jectives: The European Society of Radiology identified 10 common indications for computed tomography (CT) as part of the European Study on Clinical Diagnostic Reference Levels (DRLs, EUCLID), to help standardize radiation doses. The objective of this study is to generate DRLs and median doses for these indications using data from the UCSF CT International Dose Registry.

Methods: Standardized data on 3.

Radiologists' Increasing Role in Population Health Management: Expert Panel Narrative Review.

Population health management (PHM) is the holistic process of improving health outcomes of groups of individuals through the support of appropriate financial and care models. Radiologists' presence at the intersection of many aspects of health care, including screening, diagnostic imaging, and image-guided therapies, provides the opportunity for increased radiologist engagement in PHM. Furthermore, innovations in artificial intelligence and imaging informatics will serve as critical tools to improve value in health care through evidence-based and equitable approaches.

ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Head Trauma: 2021 Update.

Head trauma (ie, head injury) is a significant public health concern and is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children and young adults. Neuroimaging plays an important role in the management of head and brain injury, which can be separated into acute (0-7 days), subacute (<3 months), then chronic (>3 months) phases. Over 75% of acute head trauma is classified as mild, of which over 75% have a normal Glasgow Coma Scale score of 15, therefore clinical practice guidelines universally recommend selective CT scanning in this patient population, which is often based on clinical decision rules.

Erratum: Construction of a Machine Learning Dataset through Collaboration: The RSNA 2019 Brain CT Hemorrhage Challenge.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1148/ryai.2020190211.

Construction of a Machine Learning Dataset through Collaboration: The RSNA 2019 Brain CT Hemorrhage Challenge.

This dataset is composed of annotations of the five hemorrhage subtypes (subarachnoid, intraventricular, subdural, epidural, and intraparenchymal hemorrhage) typically encountered at brain CT.

Transitioning to Peer Learning: Lessons Learned.

Purpose: To describe the transition from a traditional peer review process to the peer learning system as well as the issues that arose and subsequent actions taken.

Methods: Baseline peer review data were obtained over 1 year from our traditional peer review system and compared with data obtained over 1 year of using peer learning. Data included number of discrepancies and breakdown of types of discrepancies.

ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Seizures and Epilepsy.

Seizures and epilepsy are a set of conditions that can be challenging to diagnose, treat, and manage. This document summarizes recommendations for imaging in different clinical scenarios for a patient presenting with seizures and epilepsy. MRI of the brain is usually appropriate for each clinical scenario described with the exception of known seizures and unchanged semiology (Variant 3).

ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Movement Disorders and Neurodegenerative Diseases.

Movement disorders and neurodegenerative diseases are a variety of conditions that involve progressive neuronal degeneration, injury, or death. Establishing the correct diagnosis of a movement disorder or neurodegenerative process can be difficult due to the variable features of these conditions, unusual clinical presentations, and overlapping symptoms and characteristics. MRI has an important role in the initial assessment of these patients, although a combination of imaging and laboratory and genetic tests is often needed for complete evaluation and management.

ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Dementia.

Degenerative disease of the central nervous system is a growing public health concern. The primary role of neuroimaging in the workup of patients with probable or possible Alzheimer disease has typically been to exclude other significant intracranial abnormalities. In general, the imaging findings in structural studies, such as MRI, are nonspecific and have limited potential in differentiating different types of dementia.