Ocular abnormalities associated with advanced kidney disease and hemodialysis.

Patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis (HD) are subject to the unique effects of both uremia and the dialysis procedure on multiple organ systems. Many patients on chronic HD suffer from chronic eye diseases, such as diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma, and the interaction of these diseases with the dialysis procedure can lead to worsening of vision. This review focuses on the common eye diseases seen in patients undergoing chronic HD and how the dialysis procedure and the uremic state impact the visual system.