Temporal interference current stimulation in peripheral nerves is not driven by envelope extraction.

. Electrical neuromodulation remains an effective therapy for multiple neurological disorders. One strategy to electrically stimulate nerves utilizes the interference of multiple high frequency waveforms.

Carotid body stimulation as a potential intervention in sudden death in epilepsy.

Objective: To investigate carotid body (CB) mechanisms related to sudden death during seizure. Ictal activation of oxygen-conserving reflexes (OCRs) can trigger fatal cardiorespiratory collapse in seizing rats, which presents like human sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). The CB is strongly implicated in OCR pathways; we hypothesize that modulating CB activity will provide insight into these mechanisms of death.

Mechanisms and prevention of acid reflux induced laryngospasm in seizing rats.

Objective: Recent animal work and limited clinical data have suggested that laryngospasm may be involved in the cardiorespiratory collapse seen in sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). In previous work, we demonstrated in an animal model of seizures that laryngospasm and sudden death were always preceded by acid reflux into the esophagus. Here, we expand on that work by testing several techniques to prevent the acid reflux or the subsequent laryngospasm.

Acid reflux induced laryngospasm as a potential mechanism of sudden death in epilepsy.

Objective: Recent research suggests that obstructive laryngospasm and consequent respiratory arrest may be a mechanism in sudden unexpected death in epilepsy. We sought to test a new hypothesis that this laryngospasm is caused by seizures driving reflux of stomach acid into the larynx, rather than spontaneous pathological activity in the recurrent laryngeal nerve.

Approach: We used an acute kainic acid model under urethane anesthesia to observe seizure activity in Long-Evans rats.