Evaluating Social Validity to Inform Intervention Development: Qualitative Analysis of Caregiver Interviews.

Evaluating social validity of interventions is paramount to the applied dimension of applied behavior analysis, but in research contexts, social validity is frequently assessed only after an intervention has concluded. The present study sought to evaluate the social validity of a proposed intervention prior to intervention development through qualitative analysis of interviews with stakeholders. We interviewed ten caregivers of children with autism about their experiences and challenges engaging in play with their children.

Training Graduate Students to Enter Fieldwork Data Using Asynchronous Online Instruction.

The curr ent study aimed to evaluate the effects of asynchronous online instruction on correct fieldwork data entry for graduate students in behavior analysis preparing to sit for the BACB exam. Previous research has been conducted on using synchronous instructional methods to teach fieldwork data entry. To our knowledge, this is the first examination of a completely asynchronous approach to teaching the new Behavior Analysis Certification Board (BACB) fieldwork requirements (BACB, 2020a).

Teaching Graduate Students to Identify and Adhere to Practicum Requirements.

A critical component of becoming eligible to sit for the Behavior Analyst Certification Board (BACB) exam is the completion of fieldwork experience hours according to the BACB (2018). The accrual of experience hours must meet stringent criteria and is strongly recommended to be documented using the BACB Fieldwork Tracker. Thirteen graduate students in behavior analysis were taught to enter data into the BACB Fieldwork Tracker using mock fieldwork scenarios.

Preoperative chemotherapy in clinically node positive muscle invasive bladder cancer: Radiologic variables can predict response.

Purpose: To evaluate pathologic downstaging after radical cystectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection for clinically lymph node positive urothelial bladder cancer and to determine optimal preoperative imaging variables in predicting pathologic nodal status.

Methods: We identified all patients with clinically lymph node positive urothelial bladder cancer who underwent radical cystectomy and extended pelvic lymph node dissection with intent to cure at our institution. Patients were stratified based on pathologic node status to determine clinical associations and survival outcomes.

Evaluation of the Learning Curve When Transitioning From Posterolateral to Direct Anterior Hip Arthroplasty: A Consecutive Series of 1000 Cases.

Background: The direct anterior approach (DAA) for primary hip replacement has been gaining more attention and widespread use in recent years. There are a number of published studies evaluating the learning curve when a surgeon changes technique; these studies typically look at complications during the initial cases. This study examines procedure and total operating room (OR) time along with all complications for a surgeon transitioning from the posterolateral approach (PA) to DAA.

Soluble CD80 Protein Delays Tumor Growth and Promotes Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes.

Tumor cells use various immune-suppressive strategies to overcome antitumor immunity. One such method is tumor expression of programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1), which triggers apoptotic death or anergy upon binding programmed death-1 (PD-1) on T cells. Our previous cellular studies with human and mouse PD-L1 tumor cells demonstrated that a soluble form of the costimulatory molecule CD80 prevented PD-L1-mediated immune suppression and restored T-cell activation by binding PD-L1 and blocking interaction with PD-1.

CD3xPDL1 bi-specific T cell engager (BiTE) simultaneously activates T cells and NKT cells, kills PDL1 tumor cells, and extends the survival of tumor-bearing humanized mice.

Bi-specific T cell engagers (BiTEs) activate T cells through CD3 and target activated T cells to tumor-expressed antigens. BiTEs have shown therapeutic efficacy in patients with liquid tumors; however, they do not benefit all patients. Anti-tumor immunity is limited by Programmed Death 1 (PD1) pathway-mediated immune suppression, and patients who do not benefit from existing BiTES may be non-responders because their T cells are anergized via the PD1 pathway.

The feedback-related negativity signals salience prediction errors, not reward prediction errors.

Modulations of the feedback-related negativity (FRN) event-related potential (ERP) have been suggested as a potential biomarker in psychopathology. A dominant theory about this signal contends that it reflects the operation of the neural system underlying reinforcement learning in humans. The theory suggests that this frontocentral negative deflection in the ERP 230-270 ms after the delivery of a probabilistic reward expresses a prediction error signal derived from midbrain dopaminergic projections to the anterior cingulate cortex.