Atrial fibrillation, cognitive impairment, and neuroimaging.

Introduction: The objective of our study was to investigate cross-sectional associations of atrial fibrillation with neuroimaging measures of cerebrovascular disease and Alzheimer's disease and their interactions with mild cognitive impairment (MCI).

Methods: Magnetic resonance imaging scans of individuals from a population-based study were analyzed for infarctions, total gray matter, and hippocampal and white matter hyperintensity volumes. A subsample underwent positron emission tomography imaging.

Spectrum of cognition short of dementia: Framingham Heart Study and Mayo Clinic Study of Aging.

Objective: To understand the neuropsychological basis of dementia risk among persons in the spectrum including cognitive normality and mild cognitive impairment.

Methods: We quantitated risk of progression to dementia in elderly persons without dementia from 2 population-based studies, the Framingham Heart Study (FHS) and Mayo Clinic Study of Aging (MCSA), aged 70 to 89 years at enrollment. Baseline cognitive status was defined by performance in 4 domains derived from batteries of neuropsychological tests (that were similar but not identical for FHS and MCSA) at cut scores corresponding to SDs of ≤-0.

Association of Pancreatic Polypeptide with Mild Cognitive Impairment Varies by APOE ε4 Allele.

We conducted a preliminary case-control investigation of the association of pancreatic polypeptide (PP) with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in 202 MCI cases (mean age, 81.6 years) and 202 age- and sex-matched cognitively normal controls in the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging. Plasma PP was measured and examined as the natural logarithm (continuous) and dichotomized at the median.

Multimorbidity and Risk of Mild Cognitive Impairment.

Objectives: To determine the association between multiple chronic conditions and risk of incident mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia.

Design: Prospective cohort study.

Setting: Olmsted County, Minnesota.

Risk and protective factors for cognitive impairment in persons aged 85 years and older.

Objective: To determine risk and protective factors for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) among persons 85 years and older.

Methods: Participants in the population-based prospective Mayo Clinic Study of Aging were comprehensively evaluated at baseline and at 15 monthly intervals to determine incident MCI. At baseline, lifestyle factors in midlife and late life were assessed by self-reported questionnaire; vascular and comorbid conditions were abstracted from participants' medical records.

Mortality in mild cognitive impairment varies by subtype, sex, and lifestyle factors: the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging.

Background: Etiologic differences in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) subtypes may impact mortality.

Objective: To assess the rate of death in MCI overall, and by subtype, in the population-based Mayo Clinic Study of Aging.

Methods: Participants aged 70-89 years at enrollment were clinically evaluated at baseline and 15-month intervals to assess diagnoses of MCI and dementia.

Short and long telomeres increase risk of amnestic mild cognitive impairment.

Peripheral blood telomere length has been associated with age-related conditions including Alzheimer's disease (AD). This suggests that telomere length may identify subjects at increased risk of AD. Thus, we investigated the associations of peripheral blood telomere length with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), a putative precursor of AD, among Mayo Clinic Study of Aging participants who were prospectively followed for incident aMCI.

Incidence of dementia among participants and nonparticipants in a longitudinal study of cognitive aging.

Although rates of incident dementia have been reported from several populations, the impact of nonparticipation on dementia incidence in studies of cognitive aging is unknown. In 2004, investigators with the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging selected persons aged 70-89 years from an enumeration of all Olmsted County, Minnesota, residents (age- and sex-stratified random sample). Of 4,398 potential participants, 2,050 agreed to undergo an in-person health assessment.

Diabetes and elevated hemoglobin A1c levels are associated with brain hypometabolism but not amyloid accumulation.

Unlabelled: Dysfunctional insulin signaling may affect brain metabolism or amyloid deposition. We investigated the associations of type 2 diabetes with amyloid accumulation measured using (11)C-Pittsburgh compound B ((11)C-PiB) and brain hypometabolism measured using (18)F-FDG PET.

Methods: We studied a sample of nondemented participants from the population-based Mayo Clinic Study of Aging.

A prospective study of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and the risk for mild cognitive impairment.

Importance: Previous studies suggest cross-sectional associations between a diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). However, few studies have assessed whether COPD, a potentially modifiable factor, is associated with an increased risk for MCI and whether the relation is specific to the type of MCI.

Objective: To investigate whether a diagnosis of COPD and duration of COPD are associated with an increased risk for incident MCI and MCI subtypes (amnestic MCI [A-MCI] and nonamnestic MCI [NA-MCI]).

Higher risk of progression to dementia in mild cognitive impairment cases who revert to normal.

Objective: To estimate rates of progression from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to dementia and of reversion from MCI to being cognitively normal (CN) in a population-based cohort.

Methods: Participants (n = 534, aged 70 years and older) enrolled in the prospective Mayo Clinic Study of Aging were evaluated at baseline and every 15 months to identify incident MCI or dementia.

Results: Over a median follow-up of 5.

Association of diabetes with amnestic and nonamnestic mild cognitive impairment.

Background: Type 2 diabetes may increase the risk of amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) through Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related and vascular pathology and may also increase the risk of nonamnestic MCI (naMCI) through vascular disease mechanisms. We examined the association of type 2 diabetes with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and MCI subtype (aMCI and naMCI) overall and by sex.

Methods: Participants were Olmsted County, Minnesota residents (70 years and older) enrolled in a prospective, population-based study.

Cardiac disease associated with increased risk of nonamnestic cognitive impairment: stronger effect on women.

Objective: To investigate the association of cardiac disease with amnestic and nonamnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI and naMCI, respectively). Nonamnestic mild cognitive impairment, a putative precursor of vascular and other non-Alzheimer dementias, is hypothesized to have a vascular etiology.

Design: A prospective, population-based, cohort study with a median 4.

ApoE and quality of life in nonagenarians.

Objectives: ApoE ε4 is associated with adverse health conditions that negatively impact the quality of life (QOL). The relationship between ApoE ε4 and QOL has not been explored in the oldest old. Our study aimed to examine ApoE in the oldest old and explore its association with QOL.

Relative intake of macronutrients impacts risk of mild cognitive impairment or dementia.

High caloric intake has been associated with an increased risk of cognitive impairment. Total caloric intake is determined by the calories derived from macronutrients. The objective of the study was to investigate the association between percent of daily energy (calories) from macronutrients and incident mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia.

What is the quality of life in the oldest old?

Background: Maintaining and improving quality of life has become a major focus in geriatric medicine, but the oldest old have received limited attention in clinical investigations. We aimed to investigate the relationship between self-perceived and caregiver-perceived quality of life (QOL), cognitive functioning, and depressive symptoms in the oldest old.

Methods: This IRB-approved prospective study recruited community dwellers aged 90-99 years old.

Polyunsaturated fatty acids and reduced odds of MCI: the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging.

Mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids (MUFA, PUFA) have been associated with a reduced risk of dementia. The association of these fatty acids with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is not fully established. The objective of the study was to investigate the cross-sectional association of dietary fatty acids with MCI in a population-based sample.

Vegetables, unsaturated fats, moderate alcohol intake, and mild cognitive impairment.

Background/aims: To investigate associations of the Mediterranean diet (MeDi) components and the MeDi score with mild cognitive impairment (MCI).

Methods: Participants (aged 70-89 years) were clinically evaluated to assess MCI and dementia, and completed a 128-item food frequency questionnaire.

Results: 163 of 1,233 nondemented persons had MCI.

Metabolic syndrome, inflammation, and nonamnestic mild cognitive impairment in older persons: a population-based study.

The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is more strongly associated with cognitive impairment in the presence of inflammation. This suggests that the association of MetS with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) may vary with the etiology and the subtype of MCI. This study investigated the association between MetS with or without inflammation and MCI [amnestic (a-MCI) and nonamnestic (na-MCI)].

Association of prior stroke with cognitive function and cognitive impairment: a population-based study.

Background: Defining the nature of the contribution of stroke to cognitive impairment remains challenging.

Objective: To describe associations between stroke history, APOE genotype, and subtypes of mild cognitive impairment (MCI).

Methods: We randomly selected residents from Olmsted County, Minnesota, aged 70 to 89 years on October 1, 2004, and invited eligible subjects without documented dementia to participate.

Coronary heart disease is associated with non-amnestic mild cognitive impairment.

The progression of amnestic mild cognitive impairment (a-MCI) to Alzheimer's disease and hypothesized progression of non-amnestic mild cognitive impairment (na-MCI) to non-degenerative or vascular dementias suggest etiologic differences. We examined the association between coronary heart disease (CHD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) subtypes in a population-based cohort. Participants (n=1969; aged 70-89 years) were evaluated using the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale, a neurological examination, and neuropsychological testing for diagnoses of normal cognition, MCI, or dementia.

Age and apoE associations with complex pathologic features in Alzheimer's disease.

The risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD) is influenced by both age and ApoE status. The present study addresses the associations of age and ApoE status on complex pathologic features in AD (n=81) including coexistent cerebrovascular disease (CVD), argyrophilic grain disease (AGD), and Lewy body disease (LBD). The frequency of coexistent cerebrovascular disease increased with increasing age.

Age, family history, and memory and future risk for cognitive impairment.

Purpose: To provide a clinical tool for calculating a patient's future risk for developing cognitive impairment based on age, family history, and Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT) retention.

Participants: 1,019 cognitively normal persons followed for an average of 5 years; 159 participants were eventually diagnosed with cognitive impairment.

Results: Risk of developing cognitive impairment increases with age and family history, but decreases with better memory performance.

The Mayo Clinic Study of Aging: design and sampling, participation, baseline measures and sample characteristics.

Background: The objective of this study was to establish a prospective population-based cohort to investigate the prevalence, incidence and risk factors for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia.

Methods: The Olmsted County, Minn., population, aged 70-89 years on October 1, 2004, was enumerated using the Rochester Epidemiology Project.

Postmenopausal estrogen therapy and Alzheimer disease: overall negative findings.

An inverse association between estrogen therapy (ET) and Alzheimer disease (AD) has been reported in some, but not in all studies. We investigated the association between ET and AD in postmenopausal women using a population-based case-control design. Women who developed AD from 1985 through 1989 in Rochester, MN (cases, n=264) were individually matched by age (+/-1 y) to control women free of dementia from the same population (controls, n=264).