Using implementation intentions to prevent relapse after remission from psychological treatment for depression: The SMArT intervention.

Objective: To provide evidence of the effectiveness of a brief relapse prevention intervention using implementation intentions (Self-Management after Therapy, SMArT), following remission from depression and to identify effective relapse prevention strategies.

Method: The SMArT intervention was provided to 107 patients who were recovered after psychological therapy for depression. Relapse events were calculated as reliable and clinically significant increases in PHQ-scores.

Mental health nurses' understandings and experiences of providing care for the spiritual needs of service users: A qualitative study.

WHAT IS KNOWN ON THE SUBJECT?: Addressing spiritual issues to maintain a sense of hope, meaning and purpose can be an important aspect of mental health care which goes beyond simply providing facilities for religious observance. Expressions of spiritual need from service users can potentially be confused with symptoms of mental ill health. Little is known about how mental health nurses understand or provide this aspect of care for service users.

A novel mechanism of RNase L inhibition: Theiler's virus L* protein prevents 2-5A from binding to RNase L.

The OAS/RNase L pathway is one of the best-characterized effector pathways of the IFN antiviral response. It inhibits the replication of many viruses and ultimately promotes apoptosis of infected cells, contributing to the control of virus spread. However, viruses have evolved a range of escape strategies that act against different steps in the pathway.

Murine Hepatitis Virus nsp14 Exoribonuclease Activity Is Required for Resistance to Innate Immunity.

Coronaviruses (CoVs) are positive-sense RNA viruses that infect numerous mammalian and avian species and are capable of causing severe and lethal disease in humans. CoVs encode several innate immune antagonists that counteract the host innate immune response to facilitate efficient viral replication. CoV nonstructural protein 14 (nsp14) encodes 3'-to-5' exoribonuclease activity (ExoN), which performs a proofreading function and is required for high-fidelity replication.

Role of the inflammasome-related cytokines Il-1 and Il-18 during infection with murine coronavirus.

The inflammasome, a cytosolic protein complex that mediates the processing and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, is one of the first responders during viral infection. The cytokines secreted following inflammasome activation, which include IL-1 and IL-18, regulate cells of both the innate and adaptive immune system, guiding the subsequent immune responses. In this study, we used murine coronavirus, mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), infection of the central nervous system and liver to assess of the role of the inflammasome and its related cytokines on pathogenesis and host defense during viral infection.

Lineage A Betacoronavirus NS2 Proteins and the Homologous Torovirus Berne pp1a Carboxy-Terminal Domain Are Phosphodiesterases That Antagonize Activation of RNase L.

Viruses in the family , within the order , are etiologic agents of a range of human and animal diseases, including both mild and severe respiratory diseases in humans. These viruses encode conserved replicase and structural proteins as well as more diverse accessory proteins, encoded in the 3' ends of their genomes, that often act as host cell antagonists. We previously showed that 2',5'-phosphodiesterases (2',5'-PDEs) encoded by the prototypical , mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), and by Middle East respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus antagonize the oligoadenylate-RNase L (OAS-RNase L) pathway.

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus NS4b Protein Inhibits Host RNase L Activation.

Unlabelled: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is the first highly pathogenic human coronavirus to emerge since severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in 2002. Like many coronaviruses, MERS-CoV carries genes that encode multiple accessory proteins that are not required for replication of the genome but are likely involved in pathogenesis. Evasion of host innate immunity through interferon (IFN) antagonism is a critical component of viral pathogenesis.

Effects of cannabinoid receptor activation by CP55,940 on normal bladder function and irritation-induced bladder overactivity in non-awake anaesthetised rats.

Introduction And Hypothesis: This study was designed to evaluate the effects of CP55,940 on normal bladder function in vivo and examine whether it suppresses urinary frequency induced by nociceptive stimuli in the bladder. Cannabinoid receptor (CBR) activity may be involved in the regulation of bladder function. However, the role of CBR subtypes in micturition has yet to be established.

Activation of RNase L by Murine Coronavirus in Myeloid Cells Is Dependent on Basal Oas Gene Expression and Independent of Virus-Induced Interferon.

Unlabelled: The oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS)-RNase L pathway is a potent interferon (IFN)-induced antiviral activity. Upon sensing double-stranded RNA, OAS produces 2',5'-oligoadenylates (2-5A), which activate RNase L. Murine coronavirus (mouse hepatitis virus [MHV]) nonstructural protein 2 (ns2) is a 2',5'-phosphodiesterase (PDE) that cleaves 2-5A, thereby antagonizing RNase L activation.

MDA5 Is Critical to Host Defense during Infection with Murine Coronavirus.

Unlabelled: Infection with the murine coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) activates the pattern recognition receptors melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) and Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) to induce transcription of type I interferon. Type I interferon is crucial for control of viral replication and spread in the natural host, but the specific contributions of MDA5 signaling to this pathway as well as to pathogenesis and subsequent immune responses are largely unknown. In this study, we use MHV infection of the liver as a model to demonstrate that MDA5 signaling is critically important for controlling MHV-induced pathology and regulation of the immune response.

Cannabinoid receptor expression in the bladder is altered in detrusor overactivity.

Introduction: Immunohistochemical (IHC) evidence shows that cannabinoid receptors (CB) are expressed in human bladders and cannabinoid agonists are known to inhibit detrusor contractility. However, the mechanism for this inhibition remains unknown. In addition, the role of CB in detrusor overactivity (DO) is under-investigated.

Evaluation of SSYA10-001 as a replication inhibitor of severe acute respiratory syndrome, mouse hepatitis, and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronaviruses.

We have previously shown that SSYA10-001 blocks severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) replication by inhibiting SARS-CoV helicase (nsp13). Here, we show that SSYA10-001 also inhibits replication of two other coronaviruses, mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) and Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). A putative binding pocket for SSYA10-001 was identified and shown to be similar in SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and MHV helicases.

Human urothelial cell lines as potential models for studying cannabinoid and excitatory receptor interactions in the urinary bladder.

To characterize human urothelial cell lines' cannabinoid receptor expression and evaluate their possible use for studying signalling interactions with purinergic and muscarinic receptor activation. PCR was used to detect cannabinoid (CB), muscarinic and purinergic receptor transcripts in HCV29 and UROtsa cells, whilst immunofluorescence evaluated protein expression and localization of cannabinoid receptors. The effect of CB1 agonist (ACEA) on carbachol- and ATP-induced changes in intracellular calcium ([Ca(2+)]i) levels was measured using fluorimetry.

Analysis of the host transcriptome from demyelinating spinal cord of murine coronavirus-infected mice.

Persistent infection of the mouse central nervous system (CNS) with mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) induces a demyelinating disease pathologically similar to multiple sclerosis and is therefore used as a model system. There is little information regarding the host factors that correlate with and contribute to MHV-induced demyelination. Here, we detail the genes and pathways associated with MHV-induced demyelinating disease in the spinal cord.

Homologous 2',5'-phosphodiesterases from disparate RNA viruses antagonize antiviral innate immunity.

Efficient and productive virus infection often requires viral countermeasures that block innate immunity. The IFN-inducible 2',5'-oligoadenylate (2-5A) synthetases (OASs) and ribonuclease (RNase) L are components of a potent host antiviral pathway. We previously showed that murine coronavirus (MHV) accessory protein ns2, a 2H phosphoesterase superfamily member, is a phosphodiesterase (PDE) that cleaves 2-5A, thereby preventing activation of RNase L.

Cell-type-specific activation of the oligoadenylate synthetase-RNase L pathway by a murine coronavirus.

Previous studies have demonstrated that the murine coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) nonstructural protein 2 (ns2) is a 2',5'-phosphodiesterase that inhibits activation of the interferon-induced oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS)-RNase L pathway. Enzymatically active ns2 is required for efficient MHV replication in macrophages, as well as for the induction of hepatitis in C57BL/6 mice. In contrast, following intranasal or intracranial inoculation, efficient replication of MHV in the brain is not dependent on an enzymatically active ns2.

Distribution and function of the endocannabinoid system in the rat and human bladder.

Introduction And Hypothesis: Our aim was to compare expression and distribution of cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2, transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor 1 (TRPV1), and modulating enzymes in human and rat bladder. We also evaluated effects of cannabinoid agonists (ACEA, agonist of CB1; GP1A, agonist of CB2) on contractile responses of rat bladder strips.

Methods: Distribution and expression of CB1, CB2 and TRPV1 receptors and enzymes fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamine-hydrolyzing phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD) was studied using immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting on human and Wistar rat bladders.

Antagonism of the interferon-induced OAS-RNase L pathway by murine coronavirus ns2 protein is required for virus replication and liver pathology.

Many viruses induce hepatitis in humans, highlighting the need to understand the underlying mechanisms of virus-induced liver pathology. The murine coronavirus, mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), causes acute hepatitis in its natural host and provides a useful model for understanding virus interaction with liver cells. The MHV accessory protein, ns2, antagonizes the type I interferon response and promotes hepatitis.

Expression and distribution of the sweet taste receptor isoforms T1R2 and T1R3 in human and rat bladders.

Purpose: Artificial sweeteners augment bladder contraction. We hypothesized that artificial sweeteners activate sweet taste receptors in the bladder. Thus, we investigated the expression of sweet taste receptors in human and rat bladders.

Cell-type-specific type I interferon antagonism influences organ tropism of murine coronavirus.

Previous studies have demonstrated that mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) hepatotropism is determined largely by postentry events rather than by availability of the viral receptor. In addition, mutation of MHV nonstructural protein 2 (ns2) abrogates the ability of the virus to replicate in the liver and induce hepatitis but does not affect replication in the central nervous system (CNS). Here we show that replication of ns2 mutant viruses is attenuated in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMM) generated from wild-type (wt) mice but not in L2 fibroblasts, primary astrocytes, or BMM generated from type I interferon receptor-deficient (IFNAR(-/-)) mice.

Murine coronavirus delays expression of a subset of interferon-stimulated genes.

The importance of the type I interferon (IFN-I) system in limiting coronavirus replication and dissemination has been unequivocally demonstrated by rapid lethality following infection of mice lacking the alpha/beta IFN (IFN-alpha/beta) receptor with mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), a murine coronavirus. Interestingly, MHV has a cell-type-dependent ability to resist the antiviral effects of IFN-alpha/beta. In primary bone-marrow-derived macrophages and mouse embryonic fibroblasts, MHV replication was significantly reduced by the IFN-alpha/beta-induced antiviral state, whereas IFN treatment of cell lines (L2 and 293T) has only minor effects on replication (K.

Modification of rat detrusor muscle contraction by ascorbic acid and citric acid involving enhanced neurotransmitter release and Ca2+ influx.

Aims: Consumption of carbonated soft drinks is independently associated with the development of overactive bladder (OR 1.41, 95% Cl 1.02-1.

Enhancement of rat bladder contraction by artificial sweeteners via increased extracellular Ca2+ influx.

Introduction: Consumption of carbonated soft drinks has been shown to be independently associated with the development of overactive bladder symptoms (OR 1.62, 95% CI 1.18, 2.

alpha-Adrenoceptor subtypes in isolated corporal tissue from patients undergoing gender re-assignment.

Objective: To investigate the pharmacology and functionality of alpha(1)-adrenoceptors in human corpus cavernosum, and to determine the predominant subtype.

Materials And Methods: Cavernosal tissue specimens were obtained from the penises of 22 men (mean age 37.4 years) removed during gender re-assignment surgery.