The role of the glycome in symbiotic host-microbe interactions.

Glycosylation plays a crucial role in many aspects of cell biology, including cellular and organismal integrity, structure-and-function of many glycosylated molecules in the cell, signal transduction, development, cancer, and in a number of diseases. Besides, at the inter-organismal level of interaction, a variety of glycosylated molecules are involved in the host-microbiota recognition and initiation of downstream signalling cascades depending on the outcomes of the glycome-mediated ascertainment. The role of glycosylation in host-microbe interactions is better elaborated within the context of virulence and pathogenicity in bacterial infection processes but the symbiotic host-microbe relationships also involve substantive glycome-mediated interactions.

Phages for treatment of Escherichia coli infections.

Diseases due to infections by pathogenic Escherichia coli strains are on the rise and with the growing antimicrobial resistance among bacterial pathogens, including this group. Thus, alternative therapeutic options are actively investigated. Among these alternatives is phage therapy.

Molecular Epidemiology and Virulence of Non-Typhoidal in Armenia.

In this work, we analysed human isolates of nontyphoidal subsp. (NTS), which were collected from salmonellosis cases in Armenia from 1996 to 2019. This disease became a leading food-borne bacterial infection in the region, with the younger age groups especially affected.

Metabolomics in antimicrobial drug discovery.

Introduction: In light of the ever-escalating problem of antimicrobial resistance, there is an urgent need for the development of new antimicrobials. In this review, the role of metabolomics in antimicrobial drug discovery and development is summarized and discussed. For this, ScienceDirect, PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar databases were searched with the article's keywords and their combinations to retrieve the most relevant and up-to-date information.

Acquisition and Spread of Antimicrobial Resistance: A (X) Case Study.

Understanding the mechanisms leading to the rise and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is crucially important for the preservation of power of antimicrobials and controlling infectious diseases. Measures to monitor and detect AMR, however, have been significantly delayed and introduced much later after the beginning of industrial production and consumption of antimicrobials. However, monitoring and detection of AMR is largely focused on bacterial pathogens, thus missing multiple key events which take place before the emergence and spread of AMR among the pathogens.

Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamases in Human Isolates of Multidrug-Resistant Non-typhoidal .

A total of 291 non-duplicate isolates of non-typhoidal (NTS) were collected from the fecal samples of patients with salmonellosis in Armenia and Georgia during 1996-2016. The isolates were tested for resistance to antimicrobials, including extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL). The high prevalence of multidrug-resistance (MDR) and ESBL-producer phenotypes was detected among subsp.

Antimicrobial drug resistance mechanisms among Mollicutes.

Representatives of the Mollicutes class are the smallest, wall-less bacteria capable of independent reproduction. They are widespread in nature, most are commensals, and some are pathogens of humans, animals and plants. They are also the main contaminants of cell cultures and vaccine preparations.

Environmental Triggers of Autoreactive Responses: Induction of Antiphospholipid Antibody Formation.

Antiphospholipid antibodies (aPLs) comprise a diverse family of autoantibodies targeted against proteins with the affinity toward negatively charged phospholipids or protein-phospholipid complexes. Their clinical significance, including prothrombotic potential of anti-cardiolipin antibodies (aCLs), anti-β2-glycoprotein I antibodies (aβ2-GPIs), and lupus anti-coagulant (LA), is well-established. However, the ontogeny of these pathogenic aPLs remains less clear.

Potential Involvement of Infection in Autoimmunity.

In this work, we investigated the potential effects of nontyphoidal infection on autoantibody (AA) formation. The titer and profiles of autoantibodies in the sera of patients with acute salmonellosis due to serovar Typhimurium ( Typhimurium) or serovar Enteritidis ( Enteritidis) infection, as well as in convalescent patients, were determined with indirect immunofluorescence. A significant increase of autoantibodies in acute diseases caused by both serotypes of and during post infection by Enteritidis was detected.

Omics of antimicrobials and antimicrobial resistance.

The development of new antimicrobials has become an urgent priority because of a global challenge emerging from the rise of antimicrobial resistant pathogens. Areas covered: In this review, the authors discuss the opportunities offered by modern omics approaches to address the challenge and the use of this approach in antimicrobial development. Specifically, the authors focus on the role of omics technologies and bioinformatics for the revelation of the effects of antimicrobials in a variety of microbial cellular processes, as well as the identification of potential cellular targets, the mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance, and the development of new antimicrobials.

Antimicrobial resistance in mollicutes: known and newly emerging mechanisms.

This review is devoted to the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in mollicutes (class Bacilli, subclass Mollicutes), the smallest self-replicating bacteria, that can cause diseases in plants, animals and humans, and also contaminate cell cultures and vaccine preparations. Research in this area has been mainly based on the ubiquitous mollicute and the main contaminant of cell cultures, Acholeplasma laidlawii. The omics technologies applied to this and other bacteria have yielded a complex picture of responses to antimicrobials, including their removal from the cell, the acquisition of antibiotic resistance genes and mutations that potentially allow global reprogramming of many cellular processes.

Silk Route to the Acceptance and Re-Implementation of Bacteriophage Therapy-Part II.

This perspective paper follows up on earlier communications on bacteriophage therapy that we wrote as a multidisciplinary and intercontinental expert-panel when we first met at a bacteriophage conference hosted by the Eliava Institute in Tbilisi, Georgia in 2015. In the context of a society that is confronted with an ever-increasing number of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, we build on the previously made recommendations and specifically address how the Nagoya Protocol might impact the further development of bacteriophage therapy. By reviewing a number of recently conducted case studies with bacteriophages involving patients with bacterial infections that could no longer be successfully treated by regular antibiotic therapy, we again stress the urgency and significance of the development of international guidelines and frameworks that might facilitate the legal and effective application of bacteriophage therapy by physicians and the receiving patients.

Potential Effects of Horizontal Gene Exchange in the Human Gut.

Many essential functions of the human body are dependent on the symbiotic microbiota, which is present at especially high numbers and diversity in the gut. This intricate host-microbe relationship is a result of the long-term coevolution between the two. While the inheritance of mutational changes in the host evolution is almost exclusively vertical, the main mechanism of bacterial evolution is horizontal gene exchange.

Human Gut Symbiont Promotes and Regulates Innate Immunity.

Objective: is a flagellated gut anaerobic bacterium belonging to the family within the Firmicutes phylum. A significant decrease of colonization in the gut of ulcerative colitis patients has recently been demonstrated. In this work, we have investigated the mechanisms of -host cross talk using both murine and models.