Investigation of enzymes and solvents in the production process of 6-ammonium penicillanic acid (6-APA) in industry to reduce costs and improve production conditions.

In this study, the optimization of the amount of enzyme consumed in the enzymatic phase of substitution of butanol solvent instead of methanol in the powder washing phase after filtration was investigated. To perform this study, different amounts of the enzyme penicillin G amidase (PGA) were tested in reactions with the same conditions. The highest efficiency was observed in the reaction that the ratio of penicillin powder to the amount of enzyme was 2:1.

Phytochemical Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles by Two Techniques rechengri Jamzad Extract: Identifying and Comparing Anti-Proliferative Activities.

A lot of plants are available which can produce nanoparticles used in medicine, life sciences, and the pharmaceutical industry. The present study aims to introduce safe biological and eco-friendly methods for synthesizing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by using Saturaja rechengri Jamzad extract, which can replace traditional chemical methods. In addition, the chemical nature and antimicrobial activities were identified and accordingly the anticancer effects of AgNPs was successfully reported on colon cancer cells (HT-29).

Biosynthesis and application of Ag/bone nanocomposite for the hydration of cyanamides in Myrica gale L. extract as a green solvent.

This study focuses on the green synthesis of the Ag/bone nanocomposite by using Myrica gale L. aqueous extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent and investigation of its catalytic activity in the hydration of cyanamides under environmentally benign reaction conditions in aqueous extract as a green solvent without use of toxic and hazardous chemicals. The green synthesized Ag/bone nanocomposite was characterized by various analytical techniques such as X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), elemental mapping, and FT-IR spectroscopy.

Green synthesis of the Cu/ZnO nanoparticles mediated by Euphorbia prolifera leaf extract and investigation of their catalytic activity.

A green synthesis process was developed for the preparation of the Cu/ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) using Euphorbia prolifera leaf extract as a mild, renewable and non-toxic reducing agent and efficient stabilizer without using dangerous, hazardous and toxic materials. The approach of biosynthesis appears to be cost efficient eco-friendly and easy alternative to conventional methods of the Cu/ZnO NPs synthesis. The Cu/ZnO NPs were characterized by FESEM, EDS, elemental mapping, TEM and XRD.

Investigation of in vitro cytotoxic, mutagenic and anti-mutagenic effects of shirazolide extracted from Jurinea leptoloba.

Shirazolide is an elemanolide isolated from Jurinea leptoloba DC. The aim of this study was to determine the cytotoxic, mutagenic and anti-mutagenic properties of shirazolide from J. leptoloba DC in vitro.

Comparison of the volatile composition of Stachys pubescence oils obtained by hydro distillation and steam distillation.

The oils obtained by hydrodistillation and steam distillation of the aerial part of Stachys pubescence Ten. was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Water distilled essential oil of the aerial part of S.

Alpha-amylase inhibitory activity and sterol composition of the marine algae, Sargassum glaucescens.

Background: Sargassum species (phaeophyceae) are economically important brown algae in southern parts of Iran. Sargassum is mainly harvested as a row material in alginate production industries and is a source of plant foods or plant bio-stimulants even a component of animal foods.

Objective: In this study, Sargassum glaucescens, collected from the seashore of Chabahar, was employed for phytochemical and biological evaluations.

Labdane-Type Diterpene and Two Flavones from Salvia Sharifii Rech. f. and Esfan. and their Biological Activities.

Two flavones, ladanein and 6-hydroxy-5,7,4'-trimethoxyflavone and one labdane-type diterpene, ent-13-epi-manoyloxide, were isolated from an ethyl acetate-methanol extract of the aerial parts of Salvia sharifii. The compounds were purified using several chromatographic methods. Structural elucidation of the compounds was performed using their (1)H and (13)C-NMR data, EI mass and UV spectral data.

Comparison of antimalarial activity of Artemisia turanica extract with current drugs in vivo.

Background & Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare antimalarial activity of Artemisia turanica Krasch as Iranian flora with current antimalarial drugs against Plasmodium berghei in vivo in mice.

Methods: Air-dried aerial parts of Iranian flora A. turanica were collected from Khorasan, northeastern Iran, extracted with Et2O/MeOH/Petrol and defatted.

A cytotoxic hydroperoxy sterol from the brown alga, Nizamuddinia zanardinii.

Background: The marine environment is a unique source of bioactive natural products, of which Nizamuddinia zanardinii is an important brown algae distributed in Oman Sea. Literature revealed that there is no report on phytochemistry and pharmacology of this valuable algae.

Methods: Bioguided fractionation of the methanolic extract of Nizamuddinia zanardinii, collected from Oman Sea, led to the isolation of a hydroperoxy sterol.

Volatile oil constituents of different parts of Artemisia chamaemelifolia and the composition and antibacterial activity of the aerial parts of A. turcomanica from Iran.

The essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from the aerial parts, stem, leaf and flower of Artemisia chamaemelifolia Vill. and the aerial parts of A. turcomanica Gand.

Green biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Callicarpa maingayi stem bark extraction.

Different biological methods are gaining recognition for the production of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) due to their multiple applications. The use of plants in the green synthesis of nanoparticles emerges as a cost effective and eco-friendly approach. In this study the green biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Callicarpa maingayi stem bark extract has been reported.

Composition of the essential oils and antibacterial activities of Hymenocrater yazdianus, Stachys obtusicrena and Nepeta asterotricha three Labiatae herbs growing wild in Iran.

Water-distilled essential oils from leaves of Hymenocrater yazdianus Rech.f., flowers of Stachys obtusicrena Boiss.

Biotransformation of germacranolide from Onopordon leptolepies by Aspergillus niger.

Terpenes are present in the essential oils obtained from herbs and spices. They are produced by these plant species as a chemical defense mechanism against phytopathogenic microorganisms. Therefore, terpenes have attracted great attention in the food industry, e.

Synthesis of silver nanoparticles in montmorillonite and their antibacterial behavior.

Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) were synthesized by the chemical reducing method in the external and interlamellar space of montmorillonite (MMT) as a solid support at room temperature. AgNO(3) and NaBH(4) were used as a silver precursor and reducing agent, respectively. The most favorable experimental conditions for synthesizing Ag NPs in the MMT are described in terms of the initial concentration of AgNO(3).

Green synthesis of silver/montmorillonite/chitosan bionanocomposites using the UV irradiation method and evaluation of antibacterial activity.

In this study, silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) were synthesized using a green physical synthetic route into the lamellar space of montmorillonite (MMT)/chitosan (Cts) utilizing the ultraviolet (UV) irradiation reduction method in the absence of any reducing agent or heat treatment. Cts, MMT, and AgNO(3) were used as the natural polymeric stabilizer, solid support, and silver precursor, respectively. The properties of Ag/MMT/Cts bionanocomposites (BNCs) were studied as the function of UV irradiation times.

Structure elucidation of new oleanane-type glycosides from three species of Acanthophyllum.

From the roots of three species of Acanthophyllum (Caryophyllaceae), two new gypsogenic acid glycosides, 1 and 2, were isolated, 1 from A. sordidum and A. lilacinum, 2 from A.

Composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Artemisia kulbadica from Iran.

The hydrodistilled volatile oil from the aerial parts of Artemisia kulbadica Boiss. & Buhse was investigated by a combination of GC and GC/MS. Twenty-seven compounds were identified, representing 92.

Biosorption of copper, cobalt and nickel by marine brown alga Sargassum sp. in fixed-bed column.

The biosorption of copper, cobalt and nickel by marine brown alga Sargassum sp. were investigated in a fixed-bed column (temperature = 30 degrees C; different pH). Langmuir and Freundlich sorption models were used to represent the equilibrium data.

Artemisinin can inhibit the calmodulin-mediated activation of phosphodiesterase in comparison with Cyclosporin A.

Artemisinin and Cyclosporin A were examined for their ability to inhibit the calmodulin-mediated activation of phosphodiesterase, which is based on the hydrolysis of cAMP to AMP by phosphodiesterase in the presence or absence of inhibitors, followed by quantitative analysis using spectrophotometer method. Anti-calmodulin activity of these agents was investigated by spectrofluorometry. Our results indicates that Artemisinin and Cyclosporin A induced some conformational changes on calmodulin and increased the fluorescence emission, but Artemisinin increased fluorescence emission of calmodulin in higher amounts compared with the Cyclosporin A.

Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oils from leaves, stems and flowers of Salvia reuterana Boiss. grown in Iran.

The essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation of the leaves, stems and flowers of Salvia reuterana (Lamiaceae) were analysed by GC and GC/MS. Germacrene D and beta-caryophyllene were the major constituents in all the three oils: (28.5, 27.

Comparison of the volatile composition of Stachys persica Gmel. and Stachys byzantina C. Koch. oils obtained by hydrodistillation and steam distillation.

The oils obtained by hydrodistillation and steam distillation of the aerial parts of Stachys persica Gmel. and Stachys byzantina C. Koch grown in Iran were analyzed by GC/MS.

Three new acylated triterpene saponins from Acanthophyllum squarrosum.

Three new triterpenoid saponins, 1-3, were isolated from the roots of Acanthophyllum squarrosum. Their structures were established mainly by 2D NMR techniques as 3-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1-->2)-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1-->3)]-beta-D-glucuronopyranosyl-gypsogenin-28-O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1-->3)-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1-->4)-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1-->4)-3-O-acetyl-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-3,4-di-O-acetyl-beta-D-fucopyranoside (1), 3-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1-->2)-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1-->3)]-beta-D-glucuronopyranosyl-gypsogenin-28-O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1-->4)-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-[5-O-acetyl-alpha-L-arabinofuranosyl-(1-->3)]-4-O-acetyl-beta-D-fucopyranoside (2), and 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-quillaic acid-28-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1-->2)-[beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->6)]-beta-D-glucopyranoside (3).

Two new biologically active triterpene saponins from Acanthophyllum squarrosum.

Two novel triterpenoid saponins (1 and 2) have been isolated from the roots of Acanthophyllum squarrosum. The structures were established mainly by a combination of 2D NMR techniques as 3-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1-->2)-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1-->3)]-be ta-D-glucuronopyranosylgypsogenin-28-O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1-->3 )-b eta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1-->4)-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->4)-[alpha-L- rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->3)]-beta-D-fucopyranoside (1) and 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosylgypsogenin-28-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-( 1-- >2)-alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1-->2)-[beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->6 )]- beta-D-glucopyranoside (2). Compound 1 showed a moderate concentration-dependent immunomodulatory effect in an in vitro lymphocyte proliferation assay.