Test Performance of Cervical Cytology Among Adults With vs Without Human Papillomavirus Vaccination.

Importance: Current US cervical cancer screening guidelines do not differ by human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination status. However, as the positive predictive value (PPV) of a screening test decreases, the risk of a false-positive result increases.

Objective: To evaluate whether HPV vaccination is associated with decreased PPV for abnormal cervical cytology.

"All in Breastfeeding": An Approach to Improving Breastfeeding Support at the Rainbow Center for Women and Children.

It has been well documented in the literature that breastfeeding has many benefits for mothers and their infants. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life and continued breastfeeding until the age of 1 or longer as desired by the mother and infant; however, many mothers face barriers to achieving this goal. More specifically, we noticed that at our Rainbow Center for Women and Children (the Center), few mothers were able to achieve exclusive or sustained breastfeeding.

Intestinal fatty acid binding protein is a disease biomarker in paediatric coeliac disease and Crohn's disease.

Background: There is a clinical need to develop biomarkers of small bowel damage in coeliac disease and Crohn's disease. This study evaluated intestinal fatty acid binding protein (iFABP), a potential biomarker of small bowel damage, in children with coeliac disease and Crohn's disease.

Methods: The concentration iFABP was measured in plasma and urine of children with ulcerative colitis, coeliac disease, and Crohn's disease at diagnosis and from the latter two groups after treatment with gluten free diet (GFD) or exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN), respectively.

Feno differentiates epithelial gene expression clusters: Exploratory analysis from the MESOS randomized controlled trial.

Background: Understanding how asthma biomarkers relate to gene expression signatures could help identify drivers of pathogenesis.

Objective: This post hoc exploratory analysis of the phase II tralokinumab trial MESOS (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT02449473) aimed to profile baseline airway inflammation in patients with moderate-to-severe asthma.

The multifaceted role of autophagy in cancer.

Autophagy is a cellular degradative pathway that plays diverse roles in maintaining cellular homeostasis. Cellular stress caused by starvation, organelle damage, or proteotoxic aggregates can increase autophagy, which uses the degradative capacity of lysosomal enzymes to mitigate intracellular stresses. Early studies have shown a role for autophagy in the suppression of tumorigenesis.

Focal structural variants revealed by whole genome sequencing disrupt the histone demethylase KDM4C in B-cell lymphomas.

Histone methylation-modifiers, such as EZH2 and KMT2D, are recurrently altered in B-cell lymphomas. To comprehensively describe the landscape of alterations affecting genes encoding histone methylation-modifiers in lymphomagenesis we investigated whole genome and transcriptome data of 186 mature B-cell lymphomas sequenced in the ICGC MMML-Seq project. Besides confirming common alterations of KMT2D (47% of cases), EZH2 (17%), SETD1B (5%), PRDM9 (4%), KMT2C (4%), and SETD2 (4%), also identified by prior exome or RNA-sequencing studies, we here found recurrent alterations to KDM4C in chromosome 9p24, encoding a histone demethylase.

A Novel Human Sex Difference: Male Sclera Are Redder and Yellower than Female Sclera.

In a seminal study, Kobayashi and Kohshima (1997) found that the human sclera-the white of the eye-is unique among primates for its whitish color, and subsequent work has supported the notion that this coloration underlies the human ability to gaze follow. Kobayashi and Kohshima also claimed that there is no significant sex difference in sclera color, though no data were presented to support the claim. We investigated sclera color in a standardized sample of faces varying in age and sex, presenting the first data comparing male and female sclera color.

Nutrition Education Programs for Adults with Neurological Diseases Are Lacking: A Scoping Review.

The nutrition recommendation for most common neurological diseases is to follow national dietary guidelines. This is to mitigate malnutrition, reduce the risk of diet-related diseases, and to help manage some common symptoms, including constipation. Nutrition education programs can support people in adhering to guidelines; hence the aim of this scoping review was to explore what programs have been implemented for adults with neurological diseases.

Magic angle spinning NMR structure of human cofilin-2 assembled on actin filaments reveals isoform-specific conformation and binding mode.

Actin polymerization dynamics regulated by actin-binding proteins are essential for various cellular functions. The cofilin family of proteins are potent regulators of actin severing and filament disassembly. The structural basis for cofilin-isoform-specific severing activity is poorly understood as their high-resolution structures in complex with filamentous actin (F-actin) are lacking.

Early Th2 inflammation in the upper respiratory mucosa as a predictor of severe COVID-19 and modulation by early treatment with inhaled corticosteroids: a mechanistic analysis.

Background: Community-based clinical trials of the inhaled corticosteroid budesonide in early COVID-19 have shown improved patient outcomes. We aimed to understand the inflammatory mechanism of budesonide in the treatment of early COVID-19.

Methods: The STOIC trial was a randomised, open label, parallel group, phase 2 clinical intervention trial where patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive usual care (as needed antipyretics were only available treatment) or inhaled budesonide at a dose of 800 μg twice a day plus usual care.

Transition Metal Free sp-sp carbon-carbon coupling between Benzylboronic Esters and Alkyl Bromides.

A transition metal free coupling reaction of benzylboronic esters and alkyl halides has been developed. Both alkyl bromides and alkyl iodides were found to be competent substrates with the nucleophilic boronate intermediate generated from the combination of benzylboronic ester and an alkyllithium. Good chemoselectivity was observed in substrates with a second electrophile.

Astegolimab, an anti-ST2, in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD-ST2OP): a phase 2a, placebo-controlled trial.

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a heterogeneous inflammatory airway disease. The epithelial-derived IL-33 and its receptor ST2 have been implicated in airway inflammation and infection. We aimed to determine whether astegolimab, a selective ST2 IgG2 monoclonal antibody, reduces exacerbations in COPD.

Prevention and management of intra-operative pain during caesarean section under neuraxial anaesthesia: a technical and interpersonal approach.

A woman who experiences pain during caesarean section under neuraxial anaesthesia is at risk of adverse psychological sequelae. Litigation arising from pain during caesarean section under neuraxial anaesthesia has replaced accidental awareness under general anaesthesia as the most common successful medicolegal claim against obstetric anaesthetists. Generic guidelines on caesarean section exist, but they do not provide specific recommendations for this area of anaesthetic practice.

Peroxiredoxin-2 recycling is slower in denser and pediatric sickle cell red cells.

Peroxiredoxin-2 (Prx-2) is a critical antioxidant protein in red blood cells (RBC). Prx-2 is oxidized to a disulfide covalently-bound dimer by H O , and then reduced back by the NADPH-dependent thioredoxin-thioredoxin reductase system. The reduction of oxidized Prx-2 is relatively slow in RBCs.

Patterns of emergency admission for IBD patients over the last 10 years in Lothian, Scotland: a retrospective prevalent cohort analysis.

Objective: It is unclear how the compounding prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has translated into the causes and rates of hospitalisation, particularly in an era of increased biologic prescribing. We aimed to analyse these trends in a population-based IBD cohort over the last 10 years.

Design: The Lothian IBD registry is a complete, validated, prevalent database of IBD patients in NHS Lothian, Scotland.

The Effects of Commonly Consumed Dietary Fibres on the Gut Microbiome and Its Fibre Fermentative Capacity in Adults with Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Remission.

Introduction: It has been suggested that the gut microbiome of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is unable to ferment dietary fibre. This project explored the in vitro effect of fibre fermentation on production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and on microbiome composition. Methods: Faecal samples were collected from 40 adults (>16 y) with IBD (n = 20 with Crohn’s disease and n = 20 with ulcerative colitis) in clinical remission and 20 healthy controls (HC).

Comparing Effectiveness of a Generic Oral Nutritional Supplement With Specialized Formula in the Treatment of Active Pediatric Crohn's Disease.

Background: Exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) is the recommended induction treatment of mild to moderate active pediatric Crohn's disease (CD). This study compared outcomes of 2 proprietary polymeric formulas. Treatment effectiveness was examined along with practical aspects of formula delivery and differences in estimated treatment costs.

Crosstalk Between Pyroptosis and Apoptosis in Hepatitis C Virus-induced Cell Death.

Extensive inflammation in the liver is known to contribute to the pathogenesis of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Apoptosis has, for a long time, been known to act as a mechanism of hepatocyte death, but our previous research also identified inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis in infected and uninfected bystander cells as an additional mechanism of HCV-induced cytopathicity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanism of HCV-induced cell death and to determine the timing and relative contributions of apoptosis and pyroptosis during HCV infection.