Serum Fatty Acid-Binding Protein 4 Levels in Adolescents: Effect of Insulin Resistance.

Fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4) is an adipokine that plays a causative role in obesity and diabetes. In a stratified cross-sectional study with adolescents, we explored whether changes in FABP4 are already present in lean adolescents, provided they display elements of insulin resistance (IR). Adolescents were divided in four groups according to body mass index and homeostasis model assessment-IR.

Lean adolescents with insulin resistance display higher angiopoietin like protein 3, ApoC-III and chylomicron remnant dyslipidemia.

Background: Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRL: chylomicrons and VLDL) are a key component of diabetes dyslipoproteinemia and cardiovascular risk. We have shown that it is already prevalent in obese adolescents in association with lipoprotein lipase (LPL) dysregulation. Insulin resistance (IR) suffices to produce TRL dyslipoproteinemia and LPL dysfunction even in the absence of obesity.

Higher Hepcidin Levels in Adolescents with Obesity Are Associated with Metabolic Syndrome Dyslipidemia and Visceral Fat.

Tightly regulated iron metabolism prevents oxidative stress. Hepcidin is a hormone that regulates iron flow in plasma; its production is induced by an iron overload and by inflammation. It inhibits iron entry into the circulation by blocking dietary absorption in the duodenum, the release of recycled iron from macrophages and the exit of stored iron from hepatocytes.

Reduction of small dense LDL and Il-6 after intervention with Plantago psyllium in adolescents with obesity: a parallel, double blind, randomized clinical trial.

Obesity can lead children and adolescents to an increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. A diet supplemented with Plantago psyllium has been shown to be effective in reducing LDL-C and IL-6 in adolescents. However, there are no studies that have explored small-dense LDL (sdLDL) or HDL subclasses.

Optimized sensitive and inexpensive method to measure D-lactate as a surrogate marker of methylglyoxal fluxes in metabolically relevant contexts.

Introduction: Plasma D-lactate levels can be considered a surrogate indicator of MG flux. There are commercial methods specifically designed to cover pathological ranges (mmol/l in sepsis or leaky gut) that are not suitable to encompass the metabolically relevant ranges.

Material And Methods: We modified and optimized the D-lactate Colorimetric Assay kit MAK058 from Sigma adding an ultracentrifugation step, kinetic reading and increasing reaction temperature.

Higher ANGPTL3, apoC-III, and apoB48 dyslipidemia, and lower lipoprotein lipase concentrations are associated with dysfunctional visceral fat in adolescents with obesity.

Background: We hypothesized that adolescents with obesity have higher remnant B48 concentrations associated with lipoprotein lipase dysregulation.

Methods: Cross-sectional study of 32 adolescents with obesity and 27 control subjects.

Results: As compared to lean controls, obese participants showed 35% higher concentrations of apoB48: 3.

Separation of postprandial lipoproteins: improved purification of chylomicrons using an ApoB100 immunoaffinity method.

Elevated levels of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs), both fasting and postprandial, are associated with increased risk for atherosclerosis. However, guidelines for treatment are defined solely by fasting lipid levels, even though postprandial lipids may be more informative. In the postprandial state, circulating lipids consist of dietary fat transported from the intestine in chylomicrons (CMs; containing ApoB48) and fat transported from the liver in VLDL (containing ApoB100).

Soluble Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products and Its Correlation with Vascular Damage in Adolescents with Obesity.

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE) and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in adolescents with and without obesity (OB) and their correlation with vascular damage.

Methods: This is a cross-sectional study with 15-19 years old adolescents: 33 with OB and 33 with normal weight (NW), each group included 17 male and 16 female. Lipid profile, insulin, carboxymethylysine (CML), sRAGE, total AGEs, and dietary AGEs intake (dAGEs) were evaluated.

Paraoxonase 1, HDL Subclasses and Post Surgery Acute Inflammation: A Pilot Study.

High density lipoproteins (HDL) structure and function studies are needed to better understand the heterogeneous nature of the HDL particle, and its interaction with associated proteins such as apolipoprotein A-1 (ApoA-1), paraoxonase 1 (PON1) and the environment. Our study assesses the effects of acute inflammation on PON1 and HDL subclasses in post-surgical colorectal cancer patients. PON1 was measured kinetically through its arylesterase and lactonase activity and HDL sub-classes were measured using Quantimetrix Lipoprint System.

Isocaloric Fructose Restriction Reduces Serum d-Lactate Concentration in Children With Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome.

Objective: To investigate the link between dietary sugar consumption and two separate pathogenetic mechanisms associated with metabolic syndrome: de novo lipogenesis (DNL) and nonenzymatic glycation.

Design And Participants: We assessed changes in serum d-lactate (the detoxification end-product of methylglyoxal) concentration in response to 9 days of isocaloric fructose restriction in 20 children with obesity and metabolic syndrome, and examined correlations with changes in DNL, liver fat, insulin sensitivity, and other metrics of hepatic metabolism.

Interventions: Nine days of dietary sugar restriction, with substitution of equal amounts of refined starch.

Higher D-lactate levels are associated with higher prevalence of small dense low-density lipoprotein in obese adolescents.

Background: Childhood obesity is associated with insulin resistance (IR), increased levels of small dense low-density lipoprotein (sd-LDL) as well as with augmented hepatic de novo lipogenesis, which implies increased triose phosphate fluxes that may lead to increased methylglyoxal (MG) and its catabolic end product D-lactate. We hypothesized that obese adolescents have increased D-lactate serum levels associated with high incidence of sd-LDL.

Methods: This is a cross-sectional study where the anthropometric characteristics, atherogenic dyslipidemia complex, sd-LDL (Lipoprint, Quantimetrix) and D-lactate (kinetic enzymatic analysis) were explored in 30 lean vs.

Advanced glycation endproducts form during ovalbumin digestion in the presence of fructose: Inhibition by chlorogenic acid.

Background: One mechanism by which fructose could exert deleterious effects is through intestinal formation and absorption of pro-inflammatory advanced glycation endproducts via the Maillard reaction. We employed simulated stomach and duodenum digestion of ovalbumin (OVA) to test the hypothesis that advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) are formed by fructose during simulated digestion of a ubiquitous food protein under model physiological conditions.

Methods: OVA was subjected to simulated gastric and intestinal digestion using standard models, in presence of fructose or glucose (0-100mM).

Short-term isocaloric fructose restriction lowers apoC-III levels and yields less atherogenic lipoprotein profiles in children with obesity and metabolic syndrome.

Background And Aims: Dietary fructose may play a role in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome (MetS). In a recently published study of obese children with MetS, we showed that isocaloric fructose restriction reduced fasting triglyceride (TG) and LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C). In these ancillary analyses, we tested the hypothesis that these effects were also accompanied by improved quantitative and qualitative changes in LDL and HDL subclasses and their apolipoproteins; as well as change in VLDL, particularly apoC-III.

Postprandial Paraoxonase 1 Activity Following Consumption of Recommended Amounts of Mixed Meals in Healthy Males.

Aim: Postprandial lipid level increases induce oxidative stress, which is involved in atherogenesis. The antioxidant properties of paraoxonase 1 (PON1) have attracted attention. However, changes in postprandial PON1 levels differ across prior studies, and changes in PON1 lactonase activity, potentially relevant to PON1 physiology, after the consumption of ordinary meals are unknown.

Correlation of ischemia-modified albumin with SOFA and APACHE II scores in preoperative patients with colorectal cancer.

Purpose: Critical illnesses are assessed according to the sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) and acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE) II. Circulating ischemia-modified albumin (IMA) is a biomarker generated under ischemic and oxidative conditions and may reflect disease severity in preoperative patients. This study investigated the correlations of IMA with SOFA and APACHE II scores in inpatients admitted for colorectal surgery.

Paraoxonase 1 lactonase activity and distribution in the HDL subclasses in the cord blood.

Objectives: Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is a lactonase with important antioxidant and immunoprotective properties. We hypothesized that PON1 lactonase activity, PON1, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) subclasses distribution are different in neonates than in adults.

Material And Methods: We studied 83 healthy term neonates (34 males and 49 females) who were born by spontaneous, uncomplicated vaginal delivery.

Evidence for the presence of active paraoxonase 1 in small-dense low-density lipoprotein.

Aim: We have recently demonstrated the quick ex vivo transfer of paraoxonase 1 (PON1) activity from high-density lipoprotein (HDL) to small, dense low-density lipoprotein (sdLDL). We set out to assess whether sdLDL contains active PON1 in vivo.

Methods: We conducted a nested case-control, proof of principle study with the Japanese healthy subjects with normal lipids (n = 23) and age and gender-paired dyslipidemic subjects (n = 17).

Activation of paraoxonase 1 after hemodialysis is associated with HDL remodeling and its increase in the HDL2 fraction and VLDL.

Background: Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) activity is lower in renal failure patients. We hypothesize that part of the salutatory effect of hemodialysis on PON1 activity that we have previously found is due to HDL remodeling and shift of PON1 among HDL particles.

Methods: A total of 42 patients (18 females and 24 males, 63 ± 12 yr) on long-term HD, with a mean dialysis course of 6.

Small-dense low-density lipoproteins are the predominant apoB-100-containing lipoproteins in cord blood.

Objectives: Low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol level in cord blood is approximately 30%. The aim of our study was to specifically explore LDL apoB distribution across sizes in cord blood serum.

Design And Methods: We studied 83 healthy neonates and 17 paired healthy mothers.

Association between reactive oxygen metabolites and paraoxonase 1 activity during a physical activity increase intervention with older Japanese people.

Aim: Considering the beneficial effects of physical activity on health and disease in older people, the aim of the present study was to investigate the changes in reactive oxygen metabolites and paraoxonase 1 (PON1) activity during an intervention period on increased physical activity among older people.

Methods: Serum diacron reactive oxygen metabolites (d-ROMs), PON1 activity and cardiometabolic variables were measured in 43 asymptomatic Japanese volunteers (18 men/25 women, mean age 68.9 years) in the pre- and post-phase of a 6-month intervention program aiming at a mild but sustained increase in physical activity.

Enzymatic assessment of paraoxonase 1 activity on HDL subclasses: a practical zymogram method to assess HDL function.

Background: We developed a practical method for analysis of PON-1 enzymatic activity in HDL subclasses.

Methods: The assay uses 4-12% polyacrylamide gradient gels, phenylacetate as substrate coupled with densitometric phenol detection using 4-aminoantipyrine. The measurement PON-1 activity in situ across the HDL subclasses has a strong correlation with the kinetic microplate assay for total PON-1 activity, r=0.

Influence of Physical Activity Intervention on Circulating Soluble Receptor for Advanced Glycation end Products in Elderly Subjects.

Background: Inflammation, often accompanied by oxidation, caused by advanced glycation end products (AGEs) may be quenched by the soluble receptor for AGEs (sRAGE). The present study aimed to investigate the influence of physical activity on circulating sRAGE, and the association between changes of circulating sRAGE and paraoxonase1 (PON1) activity (as an antioxidative enzyme) in a physical activity intervention study on an elderly subject cohort.

Methods: Serum sRAGE, PON1 activity and cardiometabolic variables were measured in 30 community-dwelling asymptomatic Japanese volunteers (15 men/15 women, mean age 65 years) in the pre- and post-phase of a 6-month interventional program designed to increase physical activity.

Influence of ezetimibe monotherapy on ischemia-modified albumin levels in hypercholesterolemic patients.

Ischemia-modified albumin (IMA) is considered to be a novel biochemical marker for ischemic and atherosclerotic conditions. This study aimed to investigate the influence of ezetimibe monotherapy on circulating IMA levels in hypercholesterolemic patients. A total of 31 patients (mean age 65.

Serum paraoxonase 1 (PON1) lactonase activity is lower in end-stage renal disease patients than in healthy control subjects and increases after hemodialysis.

Background: The mechanism of paraoxonase 1 (PON1) atheroprotective remains elusive. The lactonizing/lactonase activity of PON1 is gaining favor as the most significant in physiology.

Methods: We studied 42 end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD) and 49 control subjects.