Polymeric Materials Used in 3DP in Dentistry-Biocompatibility Testing Challenges.

In the latter part of the 20th century, remarkable developments in new dental materials and technologies were achieved. However, regarding the impact of dental resin-based materials 3D-printed on cellular responses, there have been a limited number of published studies recently. The biocompatibility of dental restorative materials is a controversial topic, especially when discussing modern manufacturing technologies.

Exploring the Broad Spectrum of Titanium-Niobium Implants and Hydroxyapatite Coatings-A Review.

Tooth loss replacement using dental implants is becoming more frequent. Traditional dental implant materials such as commercially pure titanium and titanium aluminum vanadium alloys have well-proven mechanical and biological properties. New titanium alloying metals such as niobium provide improved mechanical properties such as lower elastic modulus while displaying comparable or even better biocompatibility.

Yeast Particle Encapsulation of Azole Fungicides for Enhanced Treatment of Azole-Resistant .

Addressing the growing problem of antifungal resistance in medicine and agriculture requires the development of new drugs and strategies to preserve the efficacy of existing fungicides. One approach is to utilize delivery technologies. Yeast particles (YPs) are 3-5 µm porous, hollow microspheres, a byproduct of food-grade yeast extract manufacturing processes and an efficient and flexible drug delivery platform.

Glycosaminoglycans Modulate the Angiogenic Ability of Type I Collagen-Based Scaffolds by Acting on Vascular Network Remodeling and Maturation.

Type I collagen, prevalent in the extracellular matrix, is biocompatible and crucial for tissue engineering and wound healing, including angiogenesis and vascular maturation/stabilization as required processes of newly formed tissue constructs or regeneration. Sometimes, improper vascularization causes unexpected outcomes. Vascularization failure may be caused by extracellular matrix collagen and non-collagen components heterogeneously.

EPA Consensus Project Paper: Anterior Full or Partial Coverage Single Tooth Restorations - A Systematic Review of Survival and Complication Rates.

Introduction: The aim of this systematic review was to assess the literature reporting on the failure rates, survival rates and complication rates and patient reported outcome measures (PROMs) of anterior full (FC) or partial (PC) coverage single tooth restorations after a mean observation period of at least 3 years.

Methods: Systematic search was conducted using the electronic databases: MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane library. Data regarding survival (restoration failure) and complication rates and PROMs were extracted and presented descriptively.

An efficient (nano) silica - In glucan particles protein encapsulation approach for improved thermal stability.

Glucan particles (GPs) are hollow, porous microspheres derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Baker's yeast). The hollow cavity of GPs allows for efficient encapsulation of different types of macromolecules and small molecules. The β-1,3-D-glucan outer shell provides for receptor-mediated uptake by phagocytic cells expressing β-glucan receptors and uptake of particles containing encapsulated proteins elicit protective innate and acquired immune responses against a wide range of pathogens.

Yeast Particles for Encapsulation of Terpenes and Essential Oils.

Terpenes and essential oils are materials of great commercial use due to their broad spectra of antibacterial, antifungal, membrane permeation enhancement and antioxidant biological properties, as well as for their use as flavors and fragrances. Yeast particles (YPs) are 3-5 µm hollow and porous microspheres, a byproduct of some food-grade yeast ( extract manufacturing processes, that have been used for the encapsulation of terpenes and essential oils with high payload loading capacity (up to 500% weight) and efficiency, providing stability and sustained-release properties. This review focuses on encapsulation approaches for the preparation of YP-terpene and essential oil materials that have a wide range of potential agricultural, food and pharmaceutical applications.

Efficient and Scalable Process to Produce Novel and Highly Bioactive Purified Cytosolic Crystals from Bacillus thuringiensis.

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a Gram-positive soil bacterium that is widely and safely applied in the environment as an insecticide for combatting insect pests that damage crops or are disease vectors. Dominant active ingredients made by Bt are insect-killing crystal (Cry) proteins released as crystalline inclusions upon bacterial sporulation. Some Bt Cry proteins, e.

Yeast Particles Hyper-Loaded with Terpenes for Biocide Applications.

Yeast particles (YPs) are 3−5 µm hollow and porous microspheres, a byproduct of some food grade yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) extract manufacturing processes. Terpenes can be efficiently encapsulated inside YPs by passive diffusion through the porous cell walls. As previously published, this YP terpene encapsulation approach has been successfully implemented (1) to develop and commercialize fungicide and nematicide products for agricultural applications, (2) to co-load high potency agrochemical actives dissolved in terpenes or suitable solvents, and (3) to identify YP terpenes with broad-acting anthelmintic activity for potential pharmaceutical applications.

Protection of Mice against Experimental Cryptococcosis by Synthesized Peptides Delivered in Glucan Particles.

The high global burden of cryptococcosis has made development of a protective vaccine a public health priority. We previously demonstrated that a vaccine composed of recombinant Cryptococcus neoformans chitin deacetylase 2 (Cda2) delivered in glucan particles (GPs) protects BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice from an otherwise lethal challenge with a highly virulent C. neoformans strain.

An inactivated bacterium (paraprobiotic) expressing Cry5B as a therapeutic for and spp. infections in large animals.

and are important parasites in the family Ascarididae, large, ubiquitous intestinal-dwelling nematodes infecting all classes of vertebrates. Parasitic nematode drug resistance in veterinary medicine and drug recalcitrance in human medicine are increasing worldwide, with few if any new therapeutic classes on the horizon. Some of these parasites are zoonotic, , is passed from humans to pigs and .

Recombinant Paraprobiotics as a New Paradigm for Treating Gastrointestinal Nematode Parasites of Humans.

Gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) of humans, e.g., hookworms, negatively impact childhood growth, cognition, nutrition, educational attainment, income, productivity, and pregnancy.

A new paraprobiotic-based treatment for control of Haemonchus contortus in sheep.

Haemonchus contortus is a critical parasite of goats and sheep. Infection by this blood-feeding gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) parasite has significant health consequences, especially in lambs and kids. The parasite has developed resistance to virtually all known classes of small molecule anthelmintics used to treat it, giving rise in some areas to multidrug resistant parasites that are very difficult to control.

IIV-6 Inhibits NF-κB Responses in .

The host immune response and virus-encoded immune evasion proteins pose constant, mutual selective pressure on each other. Virally encoded immune evasion proteins also indicate which host pathways must be inhibited to allow for viral replication. Here, we show that IIV-6 is capable of inhibiting the two NF-κB signaling pathways, Imd and Toll.

Dehydration triggers ecdysone-mediated recognition-protein priming and elevated anti-bacterial immune responses in Drosophila Malpighian tubule renal cells.

Background: Drosophila is a powerful model for the study of factors modulating innate immunity. This study examines the effect of water-loss dehydration on innate immune responsiveness in the Drosophila renal system (Malpighian tubules; MTs), and how this leads to elevated host defense and contributes to immunosenescence.

Results: A short period of desiccation-elevated peptidoglycan recognition protein-LC (PGRP-LC) expression in MTs, increased antimicrobial peptide (AMP) gene induction, and protected animals from bacterial infection.

Combined Active Humoral and Cellular Immunization Approaches for the Treatment of Synucleinopathies.

Dementia with Lewy bodies, Parkinson's disease, and Multiple System Atrophy are age-related neurodegenerative disorders characterized by progressive accumulation of α-synuclein (α-syn) and jointly termed synucleinopathies. Currently, no disease-modifying treatments are available for these disorders. Previous preclinical studies demonstrate that active and passive immunizations targeting α-syn partially ameliorate behavioral deficits and α-syn accumulation; however, it is unknown whether combining humoral and cellular immunization might act synergistically to reduce inflammation and improve microglial-mediated α-syn clearance.

Innate immune signaling in is regulated by transforming growth factor β (TGFβ)-activated kinase (Tak1)-triggered ubiquitin editing.

Coordinated regulation of innate immune responses is necessary in all metazoans. In the Imd pathway detects Gram-negative bacterial infections through recognition of diaminopimelic acid (DAP)-type peptidoglycan and activation of the NF-κB precursor Relish, which drives robust antimicrobial peptide gene expression. Imd is a receptor-proximal adaptor protein homologous to mammalian RIP1 that is regulated by proteolytic cleavage and Lys-63-polyubiquitination.

miR-718 represses proinflammatory cytokine production through targeting phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN).

Bacterial sepsis involves a complex interaction between the host immune response and bacterial LPS. LPS binds Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4, which leads to the release of proinflammatory cytokines that are essential for a potent innate immune response against pathogens. The innate immune system is tightly regulated, as excessive inflammation can lead to organ failure and death.

The caspase-8 homolog Dredd cleaves Imd and Relish but is not inhibited by p35.

In Drosophila, the Imd pathway is activated by diaminopimelic acid-type peptidoglycan and triggers the humoral innate immune response, including the robust induction of antimicrobial peptide gene expression. Imd and Relish, two essential components of this pathway, are both endoproteolytically cleaved upon immune stimulation. Genetic analyses have shown that these cleavage events are dependent on the caspase-8 like Dredd, suggesting that Imd and Relish are direct substrates of Dredd.

Ecdysone triggered PGRP-LC expression controls Drosophila innate immunity.

Throughout the animal kingdom, steroid hormones have been implicated in the defense against microbial infection, but how these systemic signals control immunity is unclear. Here, we show that the steroid hormone ecdysone controls the expression of the pattern recognition receptor PGRP-LC in Drosophila, thereby tightly regulating innate immune recognition and defense against bacterial infection. We identify a group of steroid-regulated transcription factors as well as two GATA transcription factors that act as repressors and activators of the immune response and are required for the proper hormonal control of PGRP-LC expression.

Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus major allergen 1 activates the innate immune response of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster.

Some allergens with relevant protease activity have the potential to directly interact with host structures. It remains to be elucidated whether this activity is relevant for developing their allergenic properties. The major goal of this study was to elucidate whether allergens with a strong protease activity directly interact with modules of the innate immune system, thereby inducing an immune response.

Serine/threonine acetylation of TGFβ-activated kinase (TAK1) by Yersinia pestis YopJ inhibits innate immune signaling.

The Gram-negative bacteria Yersinia pestis, causative agent of plague, is extremely virulent. One mechanism contributing to Y. pestis virulence is the presence of a type-three secretion system, which injects effector proteins, Yops, directly into immune cells of the infected host.

Characterization of poxvirus-encoded proteins that regulate innate immune signaling pathways.

Innate immune recognition of pathogens is critical to the prompt control of infections, permitting the host to survive to develop long-term immunity via an adaptive immune response. Poxviruses encode a family of proteins that inhibit signaling by Toll-like receptors to their downstream signaling components, severely limiting nuclear translocation of transcription factors such as IRF3 and NF-κB and thereby decreasing production of host interferons and cytokines. We describe bioinformatics techniques for identifying candidate poxviral inhibitors of the innate immune response based on similarity to the family of proteins that includes A52, A46, and N1.