An Analysis of Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL) Performed at the Institute of Kidney Disease, Pakistan: Stone Clearance and Complications.

Background: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is the preferred treatment for large renal stones, yet variability in outcomes arises from patient-specific factors and institutional practices. Understanding complications and predictors of success is essential to improving procedural efficacy.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate stone clearance rates, complications classified using the Clavien-Dindo system, and predictors of PCNL outcomes, with a focus on improving lower calyx stone clearance.

Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser Syndrome.

Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser Syndrome is a congenital malformation in which there is failure of the Müllerian ducts to develop resulting in absent uterus and fallopian tubes and variable malformations of the vagina. Ultrasonography reveals absence of uterus with normally visualised ovaries.