Attention biases the process of risky decision-making: Evidence from eye-tracking.

Attention determines what kind of option information is processed during risky choices owing to the limitation of visual attention. This paper reviews research on the relationship between higher-complexity risky decision-making and attention as illustrated by eye-tracking to explain the process of risky decision-making by the effect of attention. We demonstrate this process from three stages: the pre-phase guidance of options on attention, the process of attention being biased, and the impact of attention on final risk preference.

Sex difference in driving speed management: The mediation effect of impulse control.

Previous studies have shown that male drivers drive faster than female drivers, but there is no agreement on whether impulsivity could induce this sex difference, nor is there a cross-sectional comparison of the effects of different road environments. The purpose of this study was to verify whether impulsivity and impulse control could explain the sex differences in driving speed. A driving simulator study (study 1, N = 41) was performed to investigate whether there were sex differences in driving speeds in two road sections of different complexity, and a questionnaire survey (study 2, N = 163) was conducted to investigate the relationship between sex, impulsivity, impulse control and driving behavior of the participants.

Mental workload accumulation effect of mobile phone distraction in L2 autopilot mode.

As automated vehicles become more common, there is a need for precise measurement and definition of when and in what ways a driver can use a mobile phone in L2 autonomous driving mode, for how long it can be used, the complexity of the call content, and the accumulated mental workload. This study uses a 2 (driving mode) × 2 (call content complexity) × 6 (driving stage) three-factor mixed experimental design to investigate the effect of these factors on the driver's mental workload by measuring the driver's performance on Detection response tasks, pupil diameter, and EEG components in various brain regions in the alpha band. The results showed that drivers' mental workload levels converge between manual and automatic driving modes as the duration of driving increases, regardless of the level of complexity of the mobile phone conversation.

An analysis of the adolescents' hazard perception when crossing road from the perspective of personality characteristics based on an eye-tracking study.

Using the Road Situation Video Test Paradigm and Eye-Tracking Analysis Method, according to the two-stage processing model of hazard perception (HP), this study divides HP into two stages: perception and behaviour response, and compares the different roles of sensation seeking level in two different processing stages of perception and behaviour response when adolescents are crossing the road. The results show that: (1) In the perception stage, adolescents with high sensation seeking, especially boys with high sensation seeking perceive danger faster than boys with low sensation seeking and girls, they are more aware of danger. Particularly, boys with high sensation seeking show a stronger advantage of attention processing to hazard in the early stage of perception processing from 8th and 9th grades.

The effect of the degree and location of danger in traffic hazard perception: an ERP study.

Objectives: The aim of this study is to explore the influence of the degree and location of the danger of traffic hazards on the neural reaction process.

Methods: 26 automobile drivers were asked to look at the pictures and press buttons on the pictures unrelated to traffic. Electroencephalography responses to traffic-related images were recorded and analyzed.

Influences of Emotion on Driving Decisions at Different Risk Levels: An Eye Movement Study.

To explore the influences of traffic-related negative emotions on driving decisions, we induced drivers' three emotions (neutral emotion, traffic-related negative emotion, and traffic-unrelated negative emotion) by videos, then the drivers were shown traffic pictures at different risk levels and made decisions about whether to slow down, while their eye movements were recorded. We found that traffic-related negative emotion influenced driving decisions. Compared with neutral emotion, traffic-related negative emotion led to an increase in the number of decelerations, and the higher the risk, the more the number of decelerations.

Inhibition of Return Decreases Early Audiovisual Integration: An Event-Related Potential Study.

Previous behavioral studies have found that inhibition of return decreases the audiovisual integration, while the underlying neural mechanisms are unknown. The current work utilized the high temporal resolution of event-related potentials (ERPs) to investigate how audiovisual integration would be modulated by inhibition of return. We employed the cue-target paradigm and manipulated the target type and cue validity.

Electrophysiological frequency domain analysis of driver passive fatigue under automated driving conditions.

With the continuous improvement of automated vehicles, researchers have found that automated driving is more likely to cause passive fatigue. To explore the impact of automation and scenario complexity on the passive fatigue of a driver, we collected electroencephalography (EEG), detection-response task (DRT) performance, and the subjective report scores of 48 drivers. We found that in automated driving under monotonic conditions, after 40 min, the alpha power of the driver's EEG indicators increased significantly, the accuracy of the detection reaction task decreased, and the reaction time became slower.

Effects of automation trust in drivers' visual distraction during automation.

With ongoing improvements in vehicle automation, research on automation trust has attracted considerable attention. In order to explore effects of automation trust on drivers' visual distraction, we designed a three-factor 2 (trust type: high trust group, low trust group) × 2 (video entertainment: variety-show videos, news videos) × 3 (measurement stage: 1-3) experiment. 48 drivers were recruited in Dalian, China for the experiment.

Which can explain the pip-and-pop effect during a visual search: Multisensory integration or the oddball effect?

In a dynamic search task, participants were instructed to search for a visual target among various distractors. An auditory stimulus presented in synchrony with a color change of the visual target can improve the efficiency of the search, which is known as the pip-and-pop effect. Some researchers have suggested that the underlying mechanism of this effect is multisensory integration, while others have thought it is due to an oddball stimulation that attracts attention.

Decoding Analysis of Alpha Oscillation Networks on Maintaining Driver Alertness.

The countermeasure of driver fatigue is valuable for reducing the risk of accidents caused by vigilance failure during prolonged driving. Listening to the radio (RADIO) has been proven to be a relatively effective "in-car" countermeasure. However, the connectivity analysis, which can be used to investigate its alerting effect, is subject to the issue of signal mixing.

Eye Movements of Spatial Working Memory Encoding in Children with and without Autism: Chunking Processing and Reference Preference.

Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) experience spatial working memory deficits and show different encoding mechanisms from typical developing (TD) peers. To effectively describe the encoding strategies of those with ASD and highlight their characteristics in cognitive processing, we adopted improved change detection tasks and added eye-movement indicators to investigate the chunking function and reference preference of children with and without ASD. The current study included 20 participants with ASD aged 8-16 and 20 TD children matched for age, gender, and intelligence.

The effect of situational hazard level on pedestrian hazard perception: Evidence from event-related potentials.

The effect of situational hazardous level on pedestrian hazard perception was investigated using event-related potential (ERP) technique. Images of three types of real traffic situations were used as test materials, including non-hazard situations, low-hazard situations and high-hazard situations. The existence of hazard in situations shown in the images was determined by 29 students (including 16 female) via button pushing.

Reliability and validity of the Multidimensional Driving Style Inventory in Chinese drivers.

Objective: The Multidimensional Driving Style Inventory (MDSI) has been widely used in assessing the associations between driving styles and traffic violations and accidents in different cultural contexts. Due to the lack of a valid instrument to assess driving style, studies concerning driving style and its influence factors are limited in China. Thus, this study aimed to adapt and validate a Chinese version of the MDSI.

The Relationship Between Drivers' Cognitive Fatigue and Speed Variability During Monotonous Daytime Driving.

A lack of task workload can lead to drivers' cognitive fatigue and vigilance decrement during a prolonged drive. This study examined the effects of speed variability on driving fatigue in a monotonous drive. Twenty-one participants participated in a 60-min simulated driving task.