Engineered Nanovesicles for the Precise and Noninvasive Treatment of Deep Osteomyelitis Caused by MRSA Infection with Enhanced Immune Response.

The clinical treatment of hospital-acquired persistent osteomyelitis caused by methicillin-resistant (MRSA) presents two major challenges: ineffective drug delivery into deep tissues and counteracting the rapid establishment of an immunosuppressive microenvironment. Indeed, MRSA can evade immunosurveillance and undermine both innate and adaptive immune responses. Herein, the engineered nanovesicles, functioning by combining sonodynamic therapy (SDT) with immune modulation, were constructed for the precise and noninvasive removal of MRSA in deep tissue and activation of the antimicrobial immune response using a newly engineered nanovesicle.