Enzymes involved in trehalose-chitin synthesis in Haemonchus contortus could be vaccine candidates for goats.

Background: Trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (HcTPS) and trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase (HcGOB) are key enzymes for trehalose synthesis in Haemonchus contortus. In addition, previous studies have also demonstrated that HcTPS and HcGOB can regulate the function of host immune cells in vitro, and are important immunosuppressive molecules. Therefore, this study evaluated the potential of HcTPS and HcGOB as vaccine candidates through in vitro and in vivo experiments.

Vaccination with formulations targeting Eimeria maxima and Clostridium perfringens conferred comprehensive protection using a dual-infection challenge model of necrotic enteritis.

With increasing regulations restricting antibiotic use in animal feed, the need for alternative strategies to prevent and manage necrotic enteritis (NE) has become imperative. As a result, developing effective vaccines has emerged as a top priority for broiler chicken health management. Coccidial infections are a well-established predisposing factor for NE, underscoring the importance of controlling coccidiosis to help mitigate NE outbreaks.

Nanoparticle containing recombinant excretory/secretory-24 protein of enhanced the cellular immune responses in mice.

poses a global challenge as a parasite affecting small ruminants, yet the problem of absence of an effective vaccine against infection still exists. This investigation sought to appraise the immunological reaction induced by recombinant excretory/secretory-24 (rHcES-24) in combination with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) and bio-polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) within a murine model. In this study, rHcES-24 was encapsulated in poly(d, l-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) and chitosan (CS) NPs, administered subcutaneously to mice.

A Comprehensive Review on Haemonchus contortus Excretory and Secretory Proteins (HcESPs): T-9 stimulated ESPs as a potential candidate for Vaccine Development and Diagnostic Antigen.

Haemonchus contortus (Barber pole worm) is one of the dominant helminth parasitic infections in small ruminants which is economically important and causes severe losses in the livestock industry, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. This parasite resides in the abomasum and is responsible for severe blood loss, leading to anemia, emaciation, hypoproteinemia, weight loss, and potentially death. The economic impact of H.

Partial Protection of Goats against Achieved with ADP-Ribosylation Factor 1 Encapsulated in PLGA Nanoparticles.

Background: (), a nematode with global prevalence, poses a major threat to the gastrointestinal health of sheep and goats. In an effort to combat this parasite, a nanovaccine was created using a recombinant ADP-ribosylation factor 1 (ARF1) antigen encapsulated within poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA). This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of this nanovaccine in providing protection against infection.

Succinate coenzyme A ligase β-like protein from Trichinella spiralis is a potential therapeutic molecule for allergic asthma.

Background: For decades, studies have demonstrated the anti-inflammatory potential of proteins secreted by helminths in allergies and asthma. Previous studies have demonstrated the immunomodulatory capabilities of Succinate Coenzyme A ligase beta-like protein (SUCLA-β) derived from Trichinella spiralis, a crucial excretory product of this parasite.

Objective: To explore the therapeutic potential of SUCLA-β in alleviating and controlling ovalbumin (OVA)-induced allergic asthma, as well as its influence on host immune modulation.

Protective efficacy of Eimeria maxima EmLPL and EmTregIM-1 against homologous challenge in chickens.

Chicken coccidiosis has inflicted significant economic losses upon the poultry industry. The primary strategies for preventing and controlling chicken coccidiosis include anticoccidial drugs and vaccination. However, these approaches face limitations, such as drug residues and resistance associated with anticoccidial drugs, and safety concerns related to live vaccines.

Identification and characterization of the receptors of a microneme adhesive repeat domain of Eimeria maxima microneme protein 3 in chicken intestine epithelial cells.

Eimeria maxima microneme protein 3 (EmMIC3) is pivotal in the initial recognition and attachment of E. maxima sporozoites to host cells. EmMIC3 comprises 5 tandem Type I microneme adhesive repeat (MAR) domains, among which MAR2 of EmMIC3 (EmMAR2) has been identified as the primary determinant of EmMIC3-mediated tissue tropism.

eIF-5A Modulates the Immune Response of Murine Macrophages In Vitro.

() is an obligate intracellular protozoan that can elicit a robust immune response during infection. Macrophage cells have been shown to play an important role in the immune response against . In our previous study, the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF-5A) gene of was found to influence the invasion and replication of tachyzoites.

Protective Efficacy Induced by the Common Antigen Elongation Factor 2 against Challenge with Three Species in Chickens.

Avian coccidiosis arises from co-infection involving multiple species, which could give rise to substantial economic losses in the global poultry industry. As a result, multivalent anticoccidial vaccines containing common antigens offer considerable promise for controlling co-infection in clinical practice. In our previous study, Elongation factor 2 (EF2) was deemed as an immunogenic common antigen across various species.

PLGA-Encapsulated Antigen ES-15 Augments Immune Responses in a Murine Model.

is a gastrointestinal parasite that adversely impacts small ruminants, resulting in a notable reduction in animal productivity. In the current investigation, we developed a nanovaccine by encapsulating the recombinant protein rHcES-15, sourced from the excretory/secretory products of , within biodegradable poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs). The development of this nanovaccine involved the formulation of PLGA NPs using a modified double emulsion solvent evaporation technique.

IFN-γ inhibitory molecules derived from Eimeria maxima inhibit IL-12 secretion by modulating MAPK pathways in chicken macrophages.

IFN-γ plays a crucial role in resisting intracellular parasitic protozoa, such as Eimeria species. In our previous study, we identified 4 molecules derived from Eimeria maxima (E. maxima) that significantly inhibited IFN-γ production.

Protective efficacy of multiepitope vaccines constructed from common antigens of Eimeria species in chickens.

Clinical avian coccidiosis is typically caused by coinfection with several Eimeria species. Recombinant protein and DNA vaccines have shown promise in controlling coccidiosis. On this basis, DNA vaccines that encode multiple epitopes from different Eimeria species may provide broad protection against coinfections.

The microneme adhesive repeat domain of MIC3 protein determined the site specificity of , and .

Understanding the determinants of host and tissue tropisms among parasites of veterinary and medical importance has long posed a substantial challenge. Among the seven species of known to parasitize the chicken intestine, a wide variation in tissue tropisms has been observed. Prior research suggested that microneme protein (MIC) composed of microneme adhesive repeat (MAR) domain responsible for initial host cell recognition and attachment likely dictated the tissue tropism of parasites.

Inhibitory effect of Eimeria maxima IFN-γ inhibitory molecules on the immune function of T cell subsets in chickens.

It has been reported that infection of chicken coccidian could inhibit the production of Th1 cytokine IFN-γ, thereby evading clearance by the host immune system. The present study aimed to have a further investigation into the effects of Eimeria maxima IFN-γ inhibitory molecules (EmHPSP-2 and EmHPSP-3) on the immune function of chicken peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and various T cell subsets. First, separated PBMC or sorted T cell subsets were used for incubation with recombinant proteins of EmHPSP-2 (rEmHPSP-2) and EmHPSP-3 (rEmHPSP-3).

Haemonchus contortus HcL6 promoted the Th9 immune response in goat PBMCs by activating the STAT6/PU.1/NF-κB pathway.

Th9 cells play a crucial role in parasite immunity. The development of Th9 cells is facilitated by several cytokines. Key transcription factors, such as STAT6, STAT5, and PU.

Protective efficacy induced by rhomboid-like protein 1 against homologous infection.

Introduction: Avian coccidiosis, caused by apicomplexan protozoa belonging to the genus, is considered one of the most important diseases in the intensive poultry industry worldwide. Due to the shortcomings of live anticoccidial vaccines and drugs, the development of novel anticoccidial vaccines is increasingly urgent.

Methods: rhomboid-like protein 1 (EmROM1), an invasion-related molecule, was selected as a candidate antigen to evaluate its protective efficacy against in chickens.

Actin depolymerizing factor-based nanomaterials: A novel strategy to enhance -specific immunity.

The epidemic of avian coccidiosis seriously threatens the animals' welfare and the economic gains of the poultry industry. Widespread in avian coccidiosis, () could obviously impair the production performance of the infected chickens. So far, few effective vaccines targeting have been reported, and the nanovaccines composed of nanospheres captured our particular attention.

Pathogenic Effects of Single or Mixed Infections of Eimeria mitis, Eimeria necatrix, and Eimeria tenella in Chickens.

Avian species vary in their replication location, fecundity, and pathogenicity. They are required to complete the development within the limited space of host intestines, and some synergistic or antagonistic effects occur among different species. This study evaluated the impact of on the outcome of or challenge infection.

Dynamic Analysis of microRNAs from Different Life Stages of (Acari: Ixodidae) by High-Throughput Sequencing.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs), which are small, noncoding RNA molecules, play an important regulatory role in gene expression at the posttranscriptional level. Relatively limited knowledge exists on miRNAs in Rhipicephalus microplus ticks in China; however, understanding the physiology of miRNA functions and expression at different developmental stages is important. In this study, three small RNA libraries were constructed for R.

Excretory/secretory proteins inhibit host immune responses by downregulating the TLR4/NF-κB/MAPKs signaling pathway: A possible mechanism of immune evasion in parasitic nematode .

is an important parasitic nematode of ruminants. Previous studies showed that escape the immunity through complex mechanisms, including releasing excretory/secretory proteins (ESPs) to modulate the host immune response. However, the detailed mechanism through which excretory/secretory proteins (HcESPs) promote immune evasion remains unknown.

Histidine acid phosphatase domain-containing protein from Haemonchus contortus is a stimulatory antigen for the Th1 immune response of goat PBMCs.

Background: Histidine acid phosphatase (HAP), a member of the histidine phosphatase superfamily, is widely found in parasites and is also a potential vaccine antigen or drug target. However, the biological function of HAP in Haemonchus contortus is still unclear.

Methods: We cloned the HAP gene from H.

Eimeria tenella 14-kDa phosphohistidine phosphatase stimulates maturation of chicken dendritic cells and mediates DC-induced T cell priming in a Th1 cytokine interface.

Given the central role of dendritic cells (DCs) in directing cell-mediated immunity, this study investigated the capability of Eimeria tenella 14-kDa phosphohistidine phosphatase (EtPHP14) to mature chicken DCs and initiate DC-induced T cell immunity. With the aim of identifying novel protective Eimeria antigen, EtPHP14 gene was successfully cloned and EtPHP14 recombinant protein (rEtPHP14) was expressed in Escherichia coli expression system. rEtPHP14 binding was identified on the surface of chicken DCs by Immunofluorescence assay.

Molecular Docking and In Silico Simulation of Membrane-Associated Progesterone Receptor Component 2 () and Its Interaction with Human PGRMC1.

. is a foodborne zoonotic disease caused by spp., including .