Revision of the genus Calyxochaetus Bigot (Diptera: Dolichopodidae: Sympycninae).

The New World genus Calyxochaetus Bigot (Diptera: Dolichopodidae) is revised and 36 species are recognized, including 14 new species. These species are classified into five species groups as follows: the C. tripilus species group including C.

Bumble bee diet breadth increases with local abundance and phenophase duration, not intraspecific variation in body size.

Patterns of abundance across space and time, and intraspecific variation in body size, are two species attributes known to influence diet breadth and the structure of interaction networks. Yet, the relative influence of these attributes on diet breadth is often assumed to be equal among taxonomic groups, and the relationship between intraspecific variation in body size on interaction patterns is frequently neglected. We observed bee-flower interactions in multiple locations across Montana, USA, for two growing seasons and measured spatial and temporal patterns of abundance, along with interspecific and intraspecific variation in body size for prevalent species.

Review of Paraclius arcuatus species-group (Diptera, Dolichopodidae) with description of two new species.

The Paraclius arcuatus species-group is reviewed and includes the following seven species: P. angusticauda Van Duzee, 1933, P. angustipennis Van Duzee, 1929, P.

A functional mechanism for a non-coding variant near AGTR2 associated with risk for preterm birth.

Background: Preterm birth (PTB), defined as delivery before 37 gestational weeks, imposes significant public health burdens. A recent maternal genome-wide association study of spontaneous PTB identified a noncoding locus near the angiotensin II receptor type 2 (AGTR2) gene. Genotype-Tissue Expression data revealed that alleles associated with decreased AGTR2 expression in the uterus were linked to an increased risk of PTB and shortened gestational duration.

Structure and composition of natural ferrihydrite nano-colloids in anoxic groundwater.

Fe-rich mobile colloids play vital yet poorly understood roles in the biogeochemical cycling of Fe in groundwater by influencing organic matter (OM) preservation and fluxes of Fe, OM, and other essential (micro-)nutrients. Yet, few studies have provided molecular detail on the structures and compositions of Fe-rich mobile colloids and factors controlling their persistence in natural groundwater. Here, we provide comprehensive new information on the sizes, molecular structures, and compositions of Fe-rich mobile colloids that accounted for up to 72% of aqueous Fe in anoxic groundwater from a redox-active floodplain.

A new species of Meigen (Diptera, Dolichopodidae) from soybean fields in South Dakota, USA.

A new long-legged fly species, (Diptera: Dolichopodidae), is described and illustrated from specimens collected in soybean fields near Brookings, South Dakota, USA. The abundance of this species in soybeans suggests it plays an important role as a beneficial predator.

Constitutive and Induced Defenses in Long-lived Pines Do Not Trade Off but Are Influenced by Climate.

Plants resist herbivores and pathogens by using constitutive (baseline) and inducible (change in defense after an attack) defenses. Inducibility has long been predicted to trade off with constitutive defense, reflecting the economic use of resources. However, empirical evidence for such tradeoffs is variable, and we still lack understanding about when and where defense trade-offs occur.

Parasitylenchus myiophagus n. sp. (Nematoda: Parasitylenchidae), a tylenchid nematode parasite of long-legged flies (Diptera: Dolichopodidae).

A tylenchid nematode parasite of a male long-legged fly, Tachytrechus sanus Osten Sacken (Diptera: Dolichopodidae) from Montana, USA is described as Parasitylenchus myiophagus n. sp. (Nematoda: Parasitylenchidae).

Nematode-induced demasculinization of Nearctic Dolichopodidae (Diptera) with five new synonyms.

Demasculinization, the reduction of male sexual characters due to parasitic nematode infection, is described in Nearctic Dolichopodidae. Five species are confirmed to be demasculinized (3 species of Dolichopus Latreille and 1 species each of Rhaphium Meigen and Tachytrechus Haliday) by nematodes in two families (apparent Mermithidae and Parasitylenchidae). The following nematode-infected males were inadvertently described as new species and are here proposed as synonyms: Dolichopus hurleyi Runyon, 2008 = D.

Wild Bee Response to Application of the Douglas-fir Beetle Anti-Aggregation Pheromone, 3-Methylcyclohex-2-En-1-One.

Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins (DFB), is the most damaging insect pest of Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, in western North America. Individual high-value trees and stands can be protected during DFB outbreaks using the beetle's anti-aggregation pheromone, 3-methylcyclohex-2-en-1-one (MCH), which is available in several commercial formulations.

Changes in the Summer Wild Bee Community Following a Bark Beetle Outbreak in a Douglas-fir Forest.

The status of wild bees has received increased interest following recent estimates of large-scale declines in their abundances across the United States. However, basic information is limited regarding the factors affecting wild bee communities in temperate coniferous forest ecosystems. To assess the early responses of bees to bark beetle disturbance, we sampled the bee community of a Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.

The Dolichopodidae (Diptera) of Montserrat, West Indies.

The long-legged flies (Dolichopodidae) of the island of Montserrat in the Lesser Antilles have been surveyed and include 63 species in 27 genera. The following eleven new species are described and illustrated: , , , , , , , , , , and Six species have only been found on Montserrat (ca. 10% endemicity).

LCMS Measurement of Steroid Biomarkers Collected from Palmar Sweat.

Human eccrine sweat contains numerous biomarkers which can provide information on health, performance, and aging. Non-invasive collection and measurement of biomarkers has become especially important in recent times given viral outbreaks like SARS-CoV-2. In the current study we describe a method of sweat collection from palmar surfaces in participants via surface capture using glass beads and the resulting analysis of biomarkers from very low volumes of sweat using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry with selected ion monitoring.

A Biodegradable Formulation of MCH (3-Methylcyclohex-2-en-1-one) for Protecting Pseudotsuga menziesii from Dendroctonus pseudotsugae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Colonization.

Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, trees and stands can be protected from Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins (DFB)-caused mortality by application of synthetic formulations of the beetle's antiaggregation pheromone, 3-methylcyclohex-2-en-1-one (MCH). A biodegradable formulation of MCH, SPLAT MCH, was developed and evaluated for protecting individual Douglas-fir trees and small stands from colonization and mortality by DFB.

Volatiles of High-Elevation Five-Needle Pines: Chemical Signatures through Ratios and Insight into Insect and Pathogen Resistance.

High-elevation five-needle pine trees are a group of Pinus species in the subgenus Strobus that occur at the edges of plant growth near the alpine tree line. These species are ecologically very important and are also threatened by climate-driven insect outbreaks and an exotic pathogen. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) play central roles in the environmental adaptation of plants and in their defense against insects and pathogens.

Two new species of Hurleyella Runyon amp; Robinson (Diptera: Dolichopodidae), with the first record from the Neotropics.

Two new species of the long-legged fly genus Hurleyella Runyon Robinson, 2010 are described and illustrated: Hurleyella belizensis sp. nov. from Belize and Hurleyella salina sp.

The Genus Enlinia Aldrich in Chile (Diptera: Dolichopodidae), with the Description of Four New Species.

Four new species of Enlinia Aldrich are described from Chile: Enlinia biobio n. sp., Enlinia chilensis n.

Comprehensive inventory of true flies (Diptera) at a tropical site.

Estimations of tropical insect diversity generally suffer from lack of known groups or faunas against which extrapolations can be made, and have seriously underestimated the diversity of some taxa. Here we report the intensive inventory of a four-hectare tropical cloud forest in Costa Rica for one year, which yielded 4332 species of Diptera, providing the first verifiable basis for diversity of a major group of insects at a single site in the tropics. In total 73 families were present, all of which were studied to the species level, providing potentially complete coverage of all families of the order likely to be present at the site.

Secondary invasion re-redefined: The distinction between invader-facilitated and invader-contingent invasions as subclasses of secondary invasion.

: https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.

Palpi aplenty: new species in the Chrysotus longipalpus species group (Diptera: Dolichopodidae).

Four new Nearctic species belonging to the Chrysotus longipalpus species group are described: Chrysotus keyensis sp. nov. (Florida), Chrysotus mccreadiei sp.

Remarkable fly (Diptera) diversity in a patch of Costa Rican cloud forest: Why inventory is a vital science.

Study of all flies (Diptera) collected for one year from a four-hectare (150 x 266 meter) patch of cloud forest at 1,600 meters above sea level at Zurquí de Moravia, San José Province, Costa Rica (hereafter referred to as Zurquí), revealed an astounding 4,332 species. This amounts to more than half the number of named species of flies for all of Central America. Specimens were collected with two Malaise traps running continuously and with a wide array of supplementary collecting methods for three days of each month.