genomes reveal Paleolithic human migration to the east end of Asia.

A virulence bacterium, , evolved parallel to its host human, therefore, can work as a marker for tracing the human migration. We found . strains indigenous in the southernmost islands of Japanese Archipelago, Okinawa, and defined them as hspOkinawa and hpRyukyu.

Discovery of unique African CagA-multimerization motif in the Dominican Republic.

Background: () colonizes the human stomach and is a major cause of peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer. However, although the prevalence of is high in Africa, the incidence of gastric cancer is low, and this phenomenon is called to be African enigma. The CagA protein produced by is the most studied virulence factor.

Comparative study between Helicobacter pylori and host human genetics in the Dominican Republic.

Background: Helicobacter pylori, a bacterium that infects the human stomach, has high genetic diversity. Because its evolution is parallel to human, H. pylori is used as a tool to trace human migration.

Genome-wide mutation analysis of after inoculation to Mongolian gerbils.

Background: is a pathogenic bacterium that causes various gastrointestinal diseases in the human stomach. is well adapted to the human stomach but does not easily infect other animals. As a model animal, Mongolian gerbils are often used, however, the genome of the inoculated may accumulate mutations to adapt to the new host.

Distribution and clinical associations of integrating conjugative elements and cag pathogenicity islands of Helicobacter pylori in Indonesia.

The clinical associations and correlations with other virulence factors such as cag pathogenicity island (PAI) of the Integrating Conjugative Elements Helicobacter pylori TFSS (ICEHptfs), a new type IV secretion system (TFSS) in H. pylori has not been described. Among 103 studied strains from Indonesia, almost all strains (99.

virulence genes of minor ethnic groups in North Thailand.

Background: There are few studies analyzed concurrently the prevalence and genotypes of infection with the ancestor origins from different ethnics, especially with including minority groups. We recruited a total of 289 patients in MaeSot, Thailand (154 Thai, 14 Thai-Chinese, 29 Karen and 92 Hmong ethnics). The virulence genes and genealogy of the strains were determined by PCR-based sequencing.

Advanced non-cardia gastric cancer and infection in Vietnam.

Background: The incidence of gastric cancer in the Northern city, Hanoi is higher than in the Southern city, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam. We previously reported that m1 genotype might be responsible for the difference between the two cities, however, the study only included non-cancer patients. The aim of this study is to investigate the non-cardia gastric cancer characteristics and the role of virulence on different non-cardia gastric cancer incidence between two cities in Vietnam.

Two populations of less-virulent Helicobacter pylori genotypes in Bangladesh.

Bangladesh has a population with a low gastric cancer risk but high prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection. Several studies have examined virulence genes in H. pylori from Bangladesh.

Correction: Rapid evolution of distinct Helicobacter pylori subpopulations in the Americas.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.

Rapid evolution of distinct Helicobacter pylori subpopulations in the Americas.

For the last 500 years, the Americas have been a melting pot both for genetically diverse humans and for the pathogenic and commensal organisms associated with them. One such organism is the stomach-dwelling bacterium Helicobacter pylori, which is highly prevalent in Latin America where it is a major current public health challenge because of its strong association with gastric cancer. By analyzing the genome sequence of H.

Surveillance of Helicobacter pylori Antibiotic Susceptibility in Indonesia: Different Resistance Types among Regions and with Novel Genetic Mutations.

Information regarding Helicobacter pylori antibiotic resistance in Indonesia was previously inadequate. We assessed antibiotic susceptibility for H. pylori in Indonesia, and determined the association between virulence genes or genetic mutations and antibiotic resistance.

Differences in amino acid frequency in CagA and VacA sequences of distinguish gastric cancer from gastric MALT lymphoma.

Background: is a pathogenic bacterium that causes various gastrointestinal diseases. The most common gastric malignancies associated with are gastric cancer and lymphoma of mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT). virulence genes, namely and are known to be associated with malignancy development.

Rare Helicobacter pylori Virulence Genotypes in Bhutan.

Both the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection and the incidence of gastric cancer are high in Bhutan. The high incidence of atrophic gastritis and gastric cancer suggest the phylogeographic origin of an infection with a more virulent strain of H. pylori.

Molecular Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori Infection in Nepal: Specific Ancestor Root.

Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in Nepal, a low-risk country for gastric cancer, is debatable. To our knowledge, no studies have examined H. pylori virulence factors in Nepal.

The Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori Virulence Factors in Bhutan, Vietnam, and Myanmar Is Related to Gastric Cancer Incidence.

Gastric cancer is a significant health problem in Asia. Although the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection is similar in Bhutan, Vietnam, and Myanmar, the incidence of gastric cancer is highest in Bhutan, followed by Vietnam and Myanmar. We hypothesized that H.

Complete Genome Sequence of a Metronidazole-Resistant Helicobacter pylori Strain.

We report here the complete genome sequence of a metronidazole-resistant Helicobacter pylori strain (MET(r)). The MET(r) strain was obtained under exposure of H. pylori 26695 on agar plates with low metronidazole concentrations.

Search for novel candidate mutations for metronidazole resistance in Helicobacter pylori using next-generation sequencing.

Metronidazole resistance is a key factor associated with Helicobacter pylori treatment failure. Although this resistance is mainly associated with mutations in the rdxA and frxA genes, the question of whether metronidazole resistance is caused by the inactivation of frxA alone is still debated. Furthermore, it is unclear whether there are other mutations involved in addition to the two genes that are associated with resistance.

Extremely low Helicobacter pylori prevalence in North Sulawesi, Indonesia and identification of a Maori-tribe type strain: a cross sectional study.

Background: Sulawesi in Indonesia has a unique geographical profile with assumed separation from Sundaland. Studies of Helicobacter pylori in this region are rare due to the region's rural location and lack of endoscopy equipment. Indirect methods are, therefore, the most appropriate for measuring H.

Helicobacter pylori from gastric cancer and duodenal ulcer show same phylogeographic origin in the Andean region in Colombia.

Background: A recent report has shown that the phylogenetic origin of Helicobacter pylori based on multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) was significantly associated with the severity of gastritis in Colombia. However, the potential relationship between phylogenetic origin and clinical outcomes was not examined in that study. If the phylogenetic origin rather than virulence factors were truly associated with clinical outcomes, identifying a population at high risk for gastric cancer in Colombia would be relatively straightforward.

Complete Genome Sequences of Eight Helicobacter pylori Strains with Different Virulence Factor Genotypes and Methylation Profiles, Isolated from Patients with Diverse Gastrointestinal Diseases on Okinawa Island, Japan, Determined Using PacBio Single-Molecule Real-Time Technology.

We report the complete genome sequences of eight Helicobacter pylori strains isolated from patients with gastrointestinal diseases in Okinawa, Japan. Whole-genome sequencing and DNA methylation detection were performed using the PacBio platform. De novo assembly determined a single, complete contig for each strain.

Discovery of novel mutations for clarithromycin resistance in Helicobacter pylori by using next-generation sequencing.

Objectives: Resistance to clarithromycin is the most important factor causing failure of Helicobacter pylori eradication. Although clarithromycin resistance is mainly associated with three point mutations in the 23S rRNA genes, it is unclear whether other mutations are associated with this resistance.

Methods: Two types of clarithromycin-resistant strains (low- and high-resistance strains) were obtained from clarithromycin-susceptible H.

Complete Genome Sequences of Helicobacter pylori Clarithromycin-Resistant Strains.

We report the complete genome sequences of two Helicobacter pylori clarithromycin-resistant strains. Clarithromycin (CLR)-resistant strains were obtained under the exposure of H. pylori strain 26695 on agar plates with low clarithromycin concentrations.