Reclassification of TCGA Diffuse Glioma Profiles Linked to Transcriptomic, Epigenetic, Genomic and Clinical Data, According to the 2021 WHO CNS Tumor Classification.

In 2021, the fifth edition of the WHO classification of tumors of the central nervous system (WHO CNS5) was published. Molecular features of tumors were directly incorporated into the diagnostic decision tree, thus affecting both the typing and staging of the tumor. It has changed the traditional approach, based solely on histopathological classification.

EGFR Pathway-Based Gene Signatures of Druggable Gene Mutations in Melanoma, Breast, Lung, and Thyroid Cancers.

EGFR, BRAF, PIK3CA, and KRAS genes play major roles in EGFR pathway, and accommodate activating mutations that predict response to many targeted therapeutics. However, connections between these mutations and EGFR pathway expression patterns remain unexplored. Here, we investigated transcriptomic associations with these activating mutations in three ways.

[The clinical practice guidelines for primary hyperparathyroidism, short version].

Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is an endocrine disorder of parathyroid glands characterized by excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) with an upper normal or elevated blood calcium level. Classical PHPT refers to a symptomatic, multi-system disorder, wich can lead to a significant decrease in the quality of life, disability of patients, and even an increased risk of premature death. Hypercalcemia and the catabolic effect of PTH on various cells are considered as the main pathogenetic mechanisms of the PHPT associated complications.

DNA repair pathway activation features in follicular and papillary thyroid tumors, interrogated using 95 experimental RNA sequencing profiles.

DNA repair can prevent mutations and cancer development, but it can also restore damaged tumor cells after chemo and radiation therapy. We performed RNA sequencing on 95 human pathological thyroid biosamples including 17 follicular adenomas, 23 follicular cancers, 3 medullar cancers, 51 papillary cancers and 1 poorly differentiated cancer. The gene expression profiles are annotated here with the clinical and histological diagnoses and, for papillary cancers, with gene V600E mutation status.

[Frequency of RET/PTC rearrangement and somatic BRAF mutation in papillary thyroid cancer].

Frequency of RET/PTC rearrangement and somatic BRAF mutation was investigated in patients with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) vis-a-vis relevant demographic and clinico-pathological features. The study group included 76 patients with a female/male ratio of 4.8:1; mean age - 45.

[RET and GFRA1 germline polymorphisms in medullary thyroid cancer patients].

The role of RET and GFRA1 germline polymorphisms in predisposition to sporadic medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) and polymorphisms' modulation effect on clinical features of inherited and sporadic MTC were investigated. Blood samples from 67 MTC patients (22 hereditary and 45 sporadic), 3 asymptomatic mutant RET gene carriers and 178 ethnically matched healthy control individuals were tested. Screening of RET exons and portion of introns 1, 8, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16 and GFRA1 5'-UTR was performed by means of direct sequencing and PCR-RFLP.

[Molecular analysis of structural abnormalities in papillary thyroid carcinoma gene].

Rearrangements of the RET proto-oncogene (RET/PTC) and BRAF gene mutations are the major genetic alterations in the etiopathogenesis of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). We have analyzed a series of 118 benign and malignant follicular cell-derived thyroid tumors for RET/PTC rearrangements and BRAF gene mutations. Oncogenic rearrangements of RET proto-oncogene was revealed by semiquantitative RT-PCR of simultaneously generated fragments corresponding to tyrosine kinase (TK) and extracellular RET domains.

[Assay of thyrocalcitonin in cervical lymph node using fine-needle washings for the diagnosis of disseminated medullary thyroid carcinoma].

Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of cervical lymph nodes was carried out in 22 patients with suspected metastatic involvement with medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTS). It was followed by cytopathological examination of aspirates and assay of of thyrocalcitonin (TCT) in fine-needle washings. TCT determinations proved highly informative as well as significantly high in all seven cases of MTS involvement (26-8,484.

[Changes in alpha-actinin localization and myofibrillogenesis in rat cardiomyocytes under cultivation].

By indirect immunofluorescence with monoclonal anti-alpha-actinin antibodies the localization of this contractile protein was studied in ventricular cardiac myocytes from newborn 2-4-day old rats in the course of their cultivation. In freshly isolated heart muscle cells a predominant longitudinal orientation of myofibrils was observed; in some cells on the periphery of cytoplasm the contours of Z-lines are indistinct. During cell spreading, in the areas of intercalated discs, growing processes were observed mostly containing no contractile structures at earlier stages of cultivation.

[A morphometric study of myocytes of normal and hypertrophic human atria].

Morphometric study of myocytes of normal and hypertrophic human atria was performed in semithin and paraffin sections. The hypertrophy is followed by the increase of size of both the myocytes and their nuclei: the average nuclei diameter increases from 5.9 to 7.

[Comparative cytophotometric analysis of the nucleic acid content in the cardiomyocytes of normal rats and following experimental infarct].

The cytophotometrical investigation of gallocyanine-chrome alum stained cardiac muscle cells allows to ascertain that a mean content of the nucleic acids calculated for a single nucleus is essentially higher in the left ventricle myocytes in comparison with the left auricle cells of healthy adult rats. These values in 1-, 2- and 3-nuclear cells of the ventricle are, respectively, 21.3, 19.

[Levels of DNA and sex chromatin bodies in the myocyte nuclei of different sections of the human heart].

Nuclei of ventricular, atrial and atrioventricular node myocytes of normal and hypertrophied human heart were studied on squash preparations and on 12 micron sections after the Feulgen staining. The cytophotometric DNA measurements have shown a distinction in the degree of polyploidization of nuclei in different heart compartments. In contrast to ventricular and atrial myocardia, in which polyploid nuclei predominate, the conduction system myocytes contain 77-88% of diploid nuclei.

[Initial stages of the myocardial differentiation of the lymph hearts of frog tadpoles. A study by the methods of electron microscopy and electron microscopic autoradiography].

Using electron microscope autoradiography, a study was made of the ultrastructure of early stages of muscle differentiation and 3H-thymidine (3H-T) labelled cells in the wall of the developing lymph heart of larvae of Rana temporaria L. The mononucleated postmitotic myoblasts with small bundles of thin and thick myofilaments deprived of Z-bodies were found in the lymph heart wall. No thin or intermediate-sized subsarcolemmal filaments were detected in the cytoplasm of these myoblasts.

[Proliferative processes in the myocardium in different parts of the heart during the creation of experimental myocardial infarct of the left ventricle in 2- and 3-week-old rats].

As a result of 30 times repeated injections of 3H-thymidine (3HTdr) to neonate rats, beginning from days 13 or 21 post partum, ca. 20 and 10% of myonuclei in the left and right atria were labeled, respectively, while in both ventricles cumulative labeling of myocytes was nearly ten times lower. In rats of the same age with experimental infarction of the left ventricular myocardium the number of myonuclei labeled after 30-fold 3HTdr injections increased in atria up to 40-50%, in perinecrotic myofibers of the left ventricles up to 8-11%, and in myofibers of the left and right ventricle located far from the necrotic foci up to 3-4 and 2-3%, respectively.

[Processes of the differentiation and reproduction of different types of muscle cells].

The present review is regarding a vast evidence on reproduction, differentiation, and regenerative capacity of various muscle cells on the basis of A. A. Zavarzin's (Senior) parallelism conception.

[DNA synthesis in cultures of atrial and ventricular cardiomyocytes in the rat].

By means of 3H-thymidine autoradiography DNA replicative activity has been studied in cultured atrial and ventricular myocytes, and non-muscle cells from hearts of 2-week-old rats (age when cell proliferation in the myocardium is already significantly depressed). PAS-reaction was used as a cytochemical marker of cardiomyocytes: atrial myocytes are richer in glycogen than ventricular cells. Labeling indices of atrial myocytes after a 24 hour exposure to 3H-thymidine were higher than ventricular ones: on day 6 of culturing--47 and 5%, and on day 11-34 and 8%, respectively.