Prevalence estimates of trafficking in persons using statistical definitions: a cross-sectional high-risk community survey in Cape Town, South Africa.

Objectives: Current research on trafficking in persons (TIP) relies heavily on legal and prosecutorial definitions. A public health approach has called for population-level assessment; however, identification of TIP victims lacks a standardised operational definition. This study applied the Prevalence Reduction Innovation Forum (PRIF) statistical definitions, developed by the US Department of State, to a community survey in Cape Town, South Africa.

ICD-10-CM codes infrequently used to document human trafficking in 2019 Nationwide Emergency Department Sample.

Introduction: People who experience human trafficking (HT) visit emergency departments (ED). The International Classification of Diseases, Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM) introduced codes to document HT in June 2018. The aim of this study is to identify characteristics of ED patients who experienced forced labor or sexual exploitation as a documented external cause of morbidity in US visits.

Improving mental health in U.S. Veterans using mHealth tools: A pilot study.

Rates of PTSD remain elevated among U.S. Veterans, highlighting a need for innovative management tools.

HIV and tuberculosis co-infection in East Asia and the Pacific from 1990 to 2017: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017.

Background: Periodic surveillance is crucial to provide information for resource allocation to control HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis (TB), and their co-infection, especially in areas with high morbidity and mortality like East Asia and the Pacific. Therefore, we examined the morbidity and mortality of HIV/AIDS and TB co-infection in this region from 1990 to 2017.

Methods: Utilizing the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2017, we obtained incidence, prevalence, and mortality numbers and rates of HIV/AIDS and TB co-infection, including HIV and drug-susceptible TB (DS-TB), multidrug-resistant TB without extensive drug resistance (MDR-TB without XDR), and extensive drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB).

The Impact of Hazardous Alcohol Use on Behavioral Healthcare Utilization Among National Guard Service Members.

Background: Prior research suggests that both posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcohol abuse affect behavioral healthcare utilization among combat-exposed military populations. However, their interactive effect is not well documented, especially after experiencing psychological trauma.

Objective: This study examined the role of hazardous alcohol use (i.

Trajectories of Lifetime Comorbid Alcohol and Other Drug Use Disorders Through Midlife.

Objective: Very few studies have examined the developmental nature of comorbid alcohol use disorders and drug use disorders (AUD-DUD). The current study sought to extend our understanding of the nature of AUD-DUD comorbidity by characterizing the developmental course of AUD-DUD comorbidity, determining the degree to which the two disorders occur during the same period, and eliciting differences in AUD-DUD trajectories over the life course.

Method: Vietnam-era male veterans and matched civilians provided retrospective accounts of alcohol- and other drug-related experiences spanning 25 years.

Motherhood, Psychological Risks, and Resources in Relation to Alcohol Use Disorder: Are There Differences between Black and White Women?

Rates of alcohol use disorders (AUD) are generally low among women who have ever had children (mothers) compared to women who have never had children (nonmothers), presenting a . It is unclear if this advantage accrues to "Black" and "White" women alike. Using National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) wave 2 cross-sectional data that is rich in alcohol use and psychological measures, we examined the following: (a) if motherhood is protective for past-year AUD among Black ( = 4, 133) and White women ( = 11, 017); (b) potential explanatory psychological mechanisms; and (c) the role of race.

Temporal trends in marijuana attitudes, availability and use in Colorado compared to non-medical marijuana states: 2003-11.

Background: In 2009, policy changes were accompanied by a rapid increase in the number of medical marijuana cardholders in Colorado. Little published epidemiological work has tracked changes in the state around this time.

Methods: Using the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, we tested for temporal changes in marijuana attitudes and marijuana-use-related outcomes in Colorado (2003-11) and differences within-year between Colorado and thirty-four non-medical-marijuana states (NMMS).

Drug use disorders and post-traumatic stress disorder over 25 adult years: role of psychopathology in relational networks.

Background: In traumatized populations, drug use disorders and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) persist for many years. Relational factors that mediate this persistence have rarely been systematically examined. Our aim is to examine the relative effects of psychopathology in familial and non-familial networks on the persistence of both disorders over adulthood.

Association of contextual factors with drug use and binge drinking among White, Native American, and Mixed-Race adolescents in the general population.

Large-scale surveys have shown elevated risk for many indicators of substance abuse among Native American and Mixed-Race adolescents compared to other minority groups in the United States. This study examined underlying contextual factors associated with substance abuse among a nationally representative sample of White, Native American, and Mixed-Race adolescents 12-17 years of age, using combined datasets from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH 2006-2009, N = 46,675, 48.77 % female).

Substance use and dependence among Native Hawaiians, Other Pacific Islanders, and Asian ethnic groups in the United States: contrasting multiple-race and single-race prevalence rates from a national survey.

The percentage of multiracial youth appears to be increasing in the United States. However, little has been disseminated about problem behaviors among multiracial Native Hawaiians, Other Pacific Islanders, and Asians on a national level. Using the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, the authors compared multiple-race Native Hawaiians, Other Pacific Islanders, and Asians, while disaggregating by ethnic subgroups, with single-race individuals within respective Asian ethnic subgroups and Caucasians for prevalence of alcohol/drug use and dependence.

Course of alcohol dependence among Vietnam combat veterans and nonveteran controls.

Objective: Identifying developmental trajectories of alcohol use is fundamental in building theories of alcoholism etiology and course. The purpose of this study was to replicate and generalize our previous finding that had been based on a twin sample drawn from the Vietnam Era Twin Registry. In this study, we made use of a nontwin sample of Vietnam veterans drawn from the Vietnam Era Study--a 25-year follow-up of the Vietnam Drug User Returns project that assessed the long-term medical and psychiatric consequences of substance abuse or dependence in Vietnam.

Comparison between self-report and hair analysis of illicit drug use in a community sample of middle-aged men.

Discrepancies between biological assays and self-report of illicit drug use could undermine epidemiological research findings. Two objectives of the present study are to examine the degree of agreement between self-reported illicit drug use and hair analysis in a community sample of middle-aged men, and to identify factors that may predict discrepancies between self-report and hair testing. Male participants followed since 1972 were interviewed about substance use, and hair samples were analyzed for marijuana, cocaine, opiates, phencyclidine (PCP) and methamphetamine using radioimmunoassay and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques.

DSM-IV conduct disorder criteria as predictors of antisocial personality disorder.

Conduct disorder (CD) is a disorder of childhood and adolescence defined by rule-breaking, aggressive, and destructive behaviors. For some individuals, CD signals the beginning of a lifelong persistent pattern of antisocial behavior (antisocial personality disorder [ASPD]), whereas for other people, these behaviors either desist or persist at a subclinical level. It has generally been accepted that about 40% of individuals with CD persist.

Asians in the United States: substance dependence and use of substance-dependence treatment.

Clinicians have often observed that Asians are unlikely to utilize substance-dependence treatment services but few have reported empirical data examining this phenomenon. This study used data from the National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 2000-2002, and tested whether Asians in the United States have relatively low rates of drug and alcohol dependence and whether substance-dependent Asians use treatment services less than Caucasians. Subsequent analyses were undertaken to identify factors that explained these racial differences.

Alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use among Asian American and Pacific Islander Adolescents in California and Hawaii.

As an aggregate group, the lowest rates of alcohol, tobacco, and other drug (ATOD) use are often reported for Asian Americans/Pacific Islanders (AAPIs), compared to other groups. However, the low rates are often based upon samples with small representations of AAPIs, or represented by only one or two AAPI groups. Consequently, reliable data on the rates of ATOD use among specific AAPI subgroups are severely lacking.

Substance use and abuse by Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders: preliminary results from four national epidemiologic studies.

Objective: The authors analyzed four recent large national surveys to assess the degree of use and abuse of a wide range of psychoactive substances across subgroups of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders (AAPIs) and in comparison with whites.

Method: The surveys analyzed were the 1999 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, the 1992 National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey, and the 1995 National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health In-School and In-Home surveys. The AAPI sample sizes varied from 900 to more than 4,500 across the four surveys.