Comparative bioactivity analysis of latex and water extract of Euphorbia gaillardotii: chemical profile, antioxidant capacity, effects on water quality, in vitro antimicrobial-cytotoxic activities, and in silico molecular docking studies.

The genus Euphorbia, belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae, represents a significant ethnobotanical heritage due to the diverse bioactive properties exhibited. In this study, the phytochemical composition and biological activities of latex and aerial parts of the water extract of Euphorbia gaillardotii were investigated. Phytochemical analyses were performed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography techniques and total antioxidants, phenolics, sugars, organic acids, and aroma components were quantitatively determined.