The dorsomedial prefrontal cortex promotes self-control by inhibiting the egocentric perspective.

The dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) plays a crucial role in social cognitive functions, including perspective-taking. Although perspective-taking has been linked to self-control, the mechanism by which the dmPFC might facilitate self-control remains unclear. Using the multimodal neuroimaging dataset from the Human Connectome Project (Study 1, N =978 adults), we established a reliable association between the dmPFC and self-control, as measured by discounting rate-the tendency to prefer smaller, immediate rewards over larger, delayed ones.

Separable amygdala activation patterns in the evaluations of robots.

Given the increasing presence of robots in everyday environments and the significant challenge posed by social interactions with robots, it is crucial to gain a deeper understanding into the social evaluations of robots. One potentially effective approach to comprehend the fundamental processes underlying controlled and automatic evaluations of robots is to probe brain response to different perception levels of robot-related stimuli. Here, we investigate controlled and automatic evaluations of robots based on brain responses during viewing of suprathreshold (duration: 200 ms) and subthreshold (duration: 17 ms) humanoid robot stimuli.

Impulsivity-related right superior frontal gyrus as a biomarker of internet gaming disorder.

Background: Internet gaming disorder (IGD) is a mental health issue that affects individuals worldwide. However, the lack of knowledge about the biomarkers associated with the development of IGD has restricted the diagnosis and treatment of this disorder.

Aims: We aimed to reveal the biomarkers associated with the development of IGD through resting-state brain network analysis and provide clues for the diagnosis and treatment of IGD.

Reduced loss aversion in value-based decision-making and edge-centric functional connectivity in patients with internet gaming disorder.

Background And Aims: Impaired value-based decision-making is a feature of substance and behavioral addictions. Loss aversion is a core of value-based decision-making and its alteration plays an important role in addiction. However, few studies explored it in internet gaming disorder patients (IGD).

Internet gaming disorder and tobacco use disorder share neural connectivity patterns between the subcortical and the motor network.

Internet gaming disorder (IGD) and tobacco use disorder (TUD) are globally common, non-substance-related disorders and substance-related disorders worldwide, respectively. Recognizing the commonalities between IGD and TUD will deepen understanding of the underlying mechanisms of addictive behavior and excessive online gaming. Using node strength, 141 resting-state data were collected in this study to compute network homogeneity.

Altered white matter functional network in nicotine addiction.

Nicotine addiction is a neuropsychiatric disorder with dysfunction in cortices as well as white matter (WM). The nature of the functional alterations in WM remains unclear. The small-world model can well characterize the structure and function of the human brain.

Smoking related attention alteration in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease-smoking comorbidity.

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a respiratory disease that causes a wide range of cognitive impairments. Although COPD-Smoking comorbidity is common, the relationship between smoking and cognitive function in COPD-Smoking comorbidity remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effect of smoking on cognitive function like attention in COPD-Smoking patients.

The orbitofrontal cortex represents advantageous choice in the Iowa gambling task.

A good-based model, the central neurobiological model of economic decision-making, proposes that the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) represents binary choice outcome, that is, the chosen good. A good is defined by a group of determinants characterizing the conditions in which the commodity is offered, including commodity type, cost, risk, time delay, and ambiguity. Previous studies have found that the OFC represents the binary choice outcome in decision-making tasks involving commodity type, cost, risk, and delay.

Computed Tomography Radiomics-Based Prediction of Microvascular Invasion in Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

Background: Due to the high recurrence rate in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after resection, preoperative prognostic prediction of HCC is important for appropriate patient management. Exploring and developing preoperative diagnostic methods has great clinical value in treating patients with HCC. This study sought to develop and evaluate a novel combined clinical predictive model based on standard triphasic computed tomography (CT) to discriminate microvascular invasion (MVI) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Brain morphology, harm avoidance, and the severity of excessive internet use.

As the previous studies have mainly focused on the reward system and the corresponding brain regions, the relationship between brain morphology and excessive internet use (EIU) were not clear; the purpose of the study was to investigate if the brain regions other than the reward system were associated with EIU. Data were acquired from 131 excessive internet users. Psychological measures included internet use, life quality, personality, mental illness symptoms, impulsivity, and thought suppression.

High Gamma and Beta Temporal Interference Stimulation in the Human Motor Cortex Improves Motor Functions.

Temporal interference (TI) stimulation is a new technique of non-invasive brain stimulation. Envelope-modulated waveforms with two high-frequency carriers can activate neurons in target brain regions without stimulating the overlying cortex, which has been validated in mouse brains. However, whether TI stimulation can work on the human brain has not been elucidated.

A role of the lateral prefrontal cortex in the congruency sequence effect revealed by transcranial direct current stimulation.

Congruency effect is the increase in response time when relevant and irrelevant cues indicate incongruent rather than congruent responses. The congruency effect is smaller in the trial after an incongruent trial than after a congruent trial: this difference is known as the congruency sequence effect (CSE). Psychophysical and neural studies have suggested that the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) and the medial prefrontal cortex are associated with the CSE.

Chronic nicotine exposure impairs uncertainty modulation on reinforcement learning in anterior cingulate cortex and serotonin system.

Deficits in the computational processes of reinforcement learning have been suggested to underlie addiction. Additionally, environmental uncertainty, which is encoded in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), modulates reward prediction errors (RPEs) during reinforcement learning and exacerbates addiction. The present study tested whether and how the ACC would have an essential role in drug addiction by failing to use uncertainty to modulate the RPEs during reinforcement learning.

Neural substrates of updating the prediction through prediction error during decision making.

Learning of prediction error (PE), including reward PE and risk PE, is crucial for updating the prediction in reinforcement learning (RL). Neurobiological and computational models of RL have reported extensive brain activations related to PE. However, the occurrence of PE does not necessarily predict updating the prediction, e.

Resting-state functional connectivity between the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and thalamus is associated with risky decision-making in nicotine addicts.

Nicotine addiction is associated with risky behaviors and abnormalities in local brain areas related to risky decision-making such as the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), anterior insula (AI), and thalamus. Although these brain abnormalities are anatomically separated, they may in fact belong to one neural network. However, it is unclear whether circuit-level abnormalities lead to risky decision-making in smokers.

Novelty seeking is related to individual risk preference and brain activation associated with risk prediction during decision making.

Novelty seeking (NS) is a personality trait reflecting excitement in response to novel stimuli. High NS is usually a predictor of risky behaviour such as drug abuse. However, the relationships between NS and risk-related cognitive processes, including individual risk preference and the brain activation associated with risk prediction, remain elusive.

Cerebral activity to opposite-sex voices reflected by event-related potentials.

Human voice is a gender discriminating cue and is important to mate selection. This study employed electrophysiological recordings to examine whether there is specific cerebral activity when presented with opposite-sex voices as compared to same-sex voices. Male voices and female voices were pseudo-randomly presented to male and female participants.