Effects of food wastes based on different components on digestibility and energy recovery in hydrogen and methane co-production.

This study was conducted for four organic fractions (carbohydrates, proteins, cellulose, lipids) at an inoculum concentration of 30 % and a total solid (TS) of 8 % to investigate the effect of the main components of food waste on the performance of the two-stage anaerobic digestion. The results showed that the gas phase products were closely related to the composition of the substrate, with the carbohydrate and lipid groups showing the best hydrogen (154.91 ± 2.

Effects of different low temperature conditions on anaerobic digestion efficiency of pig manure and composition of archaea community.

To explore the effect of low temperature on the anaerobic digestion of pig manure, the anaerobic digestion experiment was carried out under the conditions of inoculum concentration of 30% and TS of 8%. Five low-temperature gradients of 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 °C were set to study the activities of gas production, pH, solluted chemical oxygen demand (SCOD), volatile fatty acids (VFAs), coenzymes F and archaea community composition in the digestion process. The results were demonstrated: as the temperature decreased, the more unstable the gas production became, the less gas production produced, and the later the gas peak occurred.

The effect of anaerobic co-fermentation on acidification performance of food waste and cardboard waste.

The fermentation system with high solid materials for food waste (FW) is uneven in nutrition and easy to produce volatile acid accumulation, which causes the reaction system to acidify and affects the normal operation of fermentation. This study evaluated the effect of the co-substrate percentages (FW:CB = 9:1, FW:CB = 8:2, FW:CB = 7:3) and the initial total solid contents (12%, 15%, 18%) on the co-fermentation acidification performance of FW and cardboard waste (CB). The maximum methane production was obtained when mono-fermenting FW had high solids contents (1.

Metal-free ortho C-H borylation of 2-phenoxypyridines under mild conditions.

An efficient metal-free ortho C-H borylation has been developed via sequential borylation of substituted 2-phenoxypyridines with BBr3 following esterification with pinacol. The corresponding aryl boronates were obtained in good yields. The synthesized aryl boronates can be easily transformed into various useful products.

Simplifying the growth of hybrid single-crystals by using nanoparticle precursors: the case of AgI.

We report the synthesis of a series of AAg(m)I(n) single-crystals within 24 h, at room temperature, utilizing AgI nanoparticles (NPs) as the precursor. The AgI NPs impart high reactivity under mild conditions and favor the growth kinetics. 0D, 1D and 2D iodoargentate crystals can be obtained.

Bolaamphiphiles bearing bipyridine as mesogenic core: rational exploitation of molecular architectures for controlled self-assembly.

A bolaamphiphile (5,5-B2NBr8) bearing a functional bipyridine moiety as the mesogenic core is reported for the first time. 5,5-B2NBr8 was found to self-assemble into uniform fibrous structure in aqueous solution, when the concentration was higher than cmc. Analogues of 5,5-B2NBr8 with structural differences in chain length, headgroup, mesogenic core, and substituted position were synthesized, elucidating that small variances of the molecular structure could lead to dramatic changes of the resulting assemblies.

Efficient copper-catalyzed synthesis of poly-N-heterocycles containing amino acid residues.

An efficient copper-catalyzed method has been developed for the synthesis of poly-N-heterocycles containing amino acid residues. The protocol uses readily available 2-halobenzamides containing amino acids and their methyl esters, substituted phenylacetonitriles, and malononitrile as the starting materials and the reactions were performed well under mild conditions. The method should provide a novel and useful strategy for synthesis of N-heterocyclic compounds.

Benzyl 3-dehydr-oxy-1,2,5-oxadiazolo[3',4':2,3]oleanolate.

The title compound, C(37)H(50)N(2)O(3), is a benzyl ester derivative of oleanolic acid, a penta-cyclic triterpene, with a five-membered oxadiazole ring fused to the ring A. The triterpene A and C rings adopt slightly distorted half-chair conformations, whereas the remaining three six-membered rings are in chair forms.

1,2,5-Oxadiazolo[3,4-b]glycyrrhetinic acid.

THE TITLE COMPOUND [SYSTEMATIC NAME: 11-oxo-2,3-(oxy-dinitrilo)olean-12-en-29-oic acid], C(30)H(42)N(2)O(4), contains a linear array of five six-membered rings and a five-membered heterocyclic ring. The C ring, containing an α,β-unsaturated ketone, has a slightly distorted half-chair conformation, as does the A ring, with N-C-C angles 125.3 (5), 111.

LaZnB(5)O(10), the first lanthanum zinc borate.

Lanthanum zinc penta-borate, LaZnB(5)O(10), was synthesized by flux-supported solid-state reaction. It is a member of the LnMB(5)O(10) (Ln = rare earth ion and M = divalent metal ion) structure type. The crystal shows a three-dimensional structure constructed from two-dimensional {[B(5)O(10)](5-)}(n) layers with the lanthanum (coordination number nine) and zinc (coordination number six) ions filling in the inter-layers.

Doping-induced structure variation of 1,3-cyclohexane- bis(methylamine)-templated zinc-phosphorus open structures.

By using 1,3-cyclohexane-bis(methylamine) (CHBMA) as the template, a novel zinc phosphatophosphite (TJPU-3) with extra-large 20-ring channels was synthesized. Cobalt doping produced a bimetallic phosphite (TJPU-6) with 12-ring apertures. While the templates sit in the cis configuration in TJPU-3, they are in the trans configuration in TJPU-6.

N-(4-Chloro-phen-yl)-2-de-oxy-α-l-ribo-pyran-osylamine.

In the crystal structure of the title compound, C(11)H(14)ClNO(3), inter-molecular hydrogen bonds link mol-ecules in the ab plane, forming layers that stack along the c axis.

2,4-Dinitro-benzaldehyde hydrazone.

The title compound, C(7)H(6)N(4)O(4), plays an important role in the synthesis of biologically active compounds. The planar hydrazone group is oriented at a dihedral angle of 8.27 (3)° with respect to the benzene ring.

Poly[mu2-(N-hydroxypyridine-2-carboxamidine)-mu2-nitrato-silver(I)].

In the title complex, [Ag(NO3)(C6H7N3O)]n or [Ag(NO3)(pyaoxH2)] (pyaoxH2 is N-hydroxypyridine-2-carboxamidine), the Ag+ ion is bridged by the pyaoxH2 ligands and nitrate anions, giving rise to a two-dimensional molecular structure. Each pyaoxH2 ligand coordinates to two Ag+ ions using its pyridyl and carboxamidine N atoms, and the OH and the NH2 groups are uncoordinated. Each nitrate anion uses two O atoms to coordinate to two Ag+ ions.

3,4-Dicyano-phenyl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-α-d-glucopyran-oside.

The title compound, C(22)H(22)N(2)O(10), was prepared by the glycosidation method through nitrite displacement on substituted nitro-phthalonitrile. The mol-ecule contains a benzene ring, two nitrile groups and an acetyl-protected d-glucose fragment which adopts a chair conformation. The absolute configuration was determined by the use of d-glucose as starting material.

Synthesis, crystal structure and characterization of photochromic 1,2-bis{2-ethyl-5-[2-(1,3-dioxolane)]-3-thienyl}perfluorocyclopentene.

A novel photochromic diarylethene, 1,2-bis{2-ethyl-5-[2-(1,3-dioxolane)]-3-thienyl}perfluorocyclopentene (BEDTP), was synthesized and its structure was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Its photochromic and fluorescent properties were also investigated. The results showed that this compound exhibited reversible photochromism, changing from colorless to magenta after irradiation with UV light both in solution and in the crystalline phase.

Chromate nanorods/nanobelts: general synthesis, characterization, and properties.

A general synthesis route to a family of single-crystal chromate nanorods/nanobelts has been established. The effects of pH and surfactant on phase and morphology of these microcrystalline materials have been investigated. The physical properties of the as-synthesized chromate nanocrystals such as dielectric, electrochemical, UV-vis absorbance, and photoluminescent properties have also been studied.

1-(2-Methyl-5-phenyl-3-thienyl)-2-(3-methyl-5-phenyl-2-thienyl)-3,3,4,4,5,5-hexafluorocyclopent-1-ene: a novel photochromic hybrid diarylethene.

The title compound, C27H18F6S2, a novel photochromic hybrid diarylethene derivative containing 2- and 3-thienyl substituents, is one of the most promising photochromic candidates with shorter wavelength for optical storage and other optoelectronic devices. In the crystal structure, the molecule adopts a photoactive antiparallel conformation. The distance between the two reactive C atoms, i.

1,2-Bis[5-(1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)-2-ethyl-3-thienyl]-3,3,4,4,5,5-hexafluorocyclopent-1-ene, a photochromic dithienylethene.

The title compound, C23H22F6O4S2, a photochromic dithienylethene, is a promising material for optical storage and other optoelectrical devices. The molecule adopts a photoactive antiparallel conformation in the crystalline state. The distance between the two reactive C atoms which are involved in potential ring closure is 3.

Assembly of azido- or cyano-bridged binuclear complexes containing the bulky [Mn(phen)2]2+ building block: syntheses, crystal structures, and magnetic properties.

Two new cyano-bridged heterobinuclear complexes, [Mn(II)(phen)2Cl][Fe(III)(bpb)(CN)2] x 0.5CH3CH2OH x 1.5H2O (1) and [Mn(II)(phen)2Cl][Cr(III)(bpb)(CN)2] x 2H2O (2) [phen = 1,10-phenanthroline; bpb(2-) = 1,2-bis(pyridine-2-carboxamido)benzenate], and four novel azido-bridged Mn(II) dimeric complexes, [Mn2(phen)4(mu(1,1)-N3)2][M(III)(bpb)(CN)2]2 x H2O [M = Fe (3), Cr (4), Co (5)] and [Mn2(phen)4(mu(1,3)-N3)(N3)2]BPh4 x 0.

Fe(bpb)(CN)2]- as a versatile building block for the design of novel low-dimensional heterobimetallic systems: synthesis, crystal structures, and magnetic properties of cyano-bridged Fe(III)-Ni(II) complexes [(bpb)(2-) = 1,2-bis(pyridine-2-carboxamido)benzenate.

A dicyano-containing [Fe(bpb)(CN)2]- building block has been employed for the synthesis of cyano-bridged heterometallic Ni(II)-Fe(III) complexes. The presence of steric bpb(2-) ligand around the iron ion results in the formation of low-dimensional species: five are neutral NiFe2 trimers and three are one-dimensional (1D). The structure of the 1D complexes consists of alternating [NiL]2+ and [Fe(bpb)(CN)2]- generating a cyano-bridged cationic polymeric chain and the perchlorate as the counteranion.

Synthesis, crystal structure, and magnetic properties of oxime-bridged polynuclear Ni(II) and Cu(II) complexes.

Two new polynuclear complexes [Ni6(amox)6(mu6-O)(mu3-OH)2](Cl2).6H2O and [Cu3(amox)3(mu3-OH)(mu3-Cl)](ClO4).4H2O (amox- = anion of 4-amino-4-methyl-2-pentanone oxime) have been synthesized and characterized structurally and magnetically.