Clinical efficacy and future application of indigo naturalis in the treatment of ulcerative colitis.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease characterized by non-specific inflammation. Managing UC presents significant challenges due to its chronic nature and high recurrence rates. Indigo naturalis has emerged as a potential therapeutic agent in clinical UC treatment, demonstrating advantages in alleviating refractory UC and maintaining remission periods compared to other therapeutic approaches.

Hyaluronic acid/inulin-based nanocrystals with an optimized ratio of indigo and indirubin for combined ulcerative colitis therapy via immune and intestinal flora regulation.

Indigo (IND) and indirubin (INB) have demonstrated a synergistic effect in treating ulcerative colitis at a ratio of 7.5:1. However, the colon mucus layer, a critical physiological barrier against external threats, is also a biological barrier, limiting the potential for effective drug delivery to the lamina propria for regulating inflammatory cells.

Dual role of the nasal microbiota in neurological diseases-An unignorable risk factor or a potential therapy carrier.

Recently, comparative studies have rapidly increased with the closer correlation between microbiota and neurological diseases. However, most insights about the association between microbiota and neurological diseases still focus on the gut-brain axis and ignore that nasal microbiota could form a complex and essential link with the nervous system via the nose-to-brain pathway, suggesting the role in modulating the immune system, metabolic system, and nervous system development, which influence the physiopathology of neurological diseases. Due to the complex interactions between nasal microbiota and the brain, the nasal microbiota may have a particular pathogenic effect and therapeutic potential on neurological diseases.