Background: During inhalation, airborne particles such as particulate matter ≤ 2.5 μm (PM), can deposit and accumulate on the alveolar epithelial tissue. In vivo studies have shown that fractions of PM can cross the alveolar epithelium to blood circulation, reaching secondary organs beyond the lungs.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFHuman lung tissue models range from simple monolayer cultures to more advanced three-dimensional co-cultures. Each model system can address the interactions of different types of aerosols and the choice of the model and the mode of aerosol exposure depends on the relevant scenario, such as adverse outcomes and endpoints of interest. This review focuses on the functional, as well as structural, aspects of lung tissue from the upper airway to the distal alveolar compartments as this information is relevant for the design of a model as well as how the aerosol properties determine the interfacial properties with the respiratory wall.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFContamination of aircraft cabin air can result from leakage of engine oils and hydraulic fluids into bleed air. This may cause adverse health effects in cabin crews and passengers. To realistically mimic inhalation exposure to aircraft cabin bleed-air contaminants, a mini bleed-air contaminants simulator (Mini-BACS) was constructed and connected to an air-liquid interface (ALI) aerosol exposure system (AES).
View Article and Find Full Text PDFInhalation exposure to environmental and occupational aerosol contaminants is associated with many respiratory health problems. To realistically mimic long-term inhalation exposure for toxicity testing, lung epithelial cells need to maintained and exposed under air-liquid interface (ALI) conditions for a prolonged period of time. In addition, to study cellular responses to aerosol particles, lung epithelial cells have to be co-cultured with macrophages.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFRelatively high concentrations of ultrafine particles (UFPs) have been observed around airports, in which aviation and road traffic emissions are the major sources. This raises concerns about the potential health impacts of airport UFPs, particularly in comparison to those emitted by road traffic. UFPs mainly derived from aviation or road traffic emissions were collected from a location near a major international airport, Amsterdam-Schiphol airport (AMS), depending on the wind direction, along with UFPs from an aircraft turbine engine at low and full thrust.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFIndoor dust often contains organic contaminants, which adversely impacts human health. In this study, the organic contaminants in the indoor dust from commercial offices and residential houses in Nanjing, China were extracted and their effects on human breast cancer cells (MCF-7) were investigated. Both dust extracts promoted proliferation of MCF-7 cells at ≤24 μg/100 μL, with cell viability being decreased with increasing dust concentrations.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFFor toxicity testing of airborne particles, air-liquid interface (ALI) exposure systems have been developed for in vitro tests in order to mimic realistic exposure conditions. This puts specific demands on the cell culture models. Many cell types are negatively affected by exposure to air (e.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFToxicol In Vitro
June 2020
Air Liquid Interface (ALI) system has emerged as a useful tool for toxicity evaluation of nanomaterials related to inhalation since the system mimics the aerosol exposure. We compared the biological responses of lung epithelial cells exposed to titanium dioxide (TiO) nanofibers and nanoparticles in ALI and submerged cell cultures systems. Cells were exposed to 2 and 10 μg/cm for 24 h, 48 h and 72 h and LDH release, TiO internalization, DNA-double strand breaks (DSBs) and ROS production were assessed.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe complete chloroplast (cp) genome sequence of was sequenced and assembled using Illumina paired-end data. The cp genome from is 156,964 bp in length, composed of a pair of 23,892 bp inverted repeat regions (IR) separated by a large single copy region (LSC) of 88,639 bp and a small single copy region (SSC) of 20,541 bp. The cp genome contained 113 unique genes, including 79 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNA genes, and four ribosomal RNA genes.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFIn corneal epithelium, tight junctions play a vital role in its barrier function. Human cornea is highly susceptible to damage by dust. Continued daily exposure to dust has been associated with increased risks of corneal injury.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAir traffic is rapidly growing, raising concerns about the air pollution in the surroundings of airports and its impact on public health. However, little is known about the impact of air pollution sources on air quality and health in the vicinity of airports. In this study, the sources and adverse health effects of airport-related particulate matter (PM) were investigated and compared to those of urban traffic emissions.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFContaminants, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), can be absorbed on the particles of indoor dust, which may pose potential health risks. In this study, indoor dust samples were collected and sieved into 6 size fractions (i.e.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCancerous human liver cell line has been used to test the hepatic toxicity of indoor dust, showing its organic extract decreases cell viability. However, little is known about its impact on normal human liver cell line. In the present study, we compared the cellular responses between carcinoma cell line (HepG2) and normal cell line (HL-7702) after exposing to 10-640 μg/100 μL organic dust extract for 24 h.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFWe describe a versatile cascade route for manufacturing MQ resins using alkoxysilanes (e.g., tetraethoxysilane (TEOS)) or equivalent oligomers (e.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe effect of dust particle size on the distribution and bioaccessibility of flame retardants (FRs) in indoor dust remains unclear. In this study, we analyzed 20 FRs (including 6 organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), 8 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), 4 novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs), and 2 dechlorane plus (DPs)) in composite dust samples from offices, public microenvironments (PME), and cars in Nanjing, China. Each composite sample (one per microenvironment) was separated into 6 size fractions (F1-F6: 200-2000µm, 150-200µm, 100-150µm, 63-100µm, 43-63µm, and <43µm).
View Article and Find Full Text PDFHuman corneal epithelial (HCE) cells are continually exposed to dust in the air, which may cause corneal epithelium damage. Both water and organic soluble contaminants in dust may contribute to cytotoxicity in HCE cells, however, the associated toxicity mechanisms are not fully elucidated. In this study, indoor dust from residential houses and commercial offices in Nanjing, China was collected and the effects of organic and water soluble fraction of dust on primary HCE cells were examined.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCleanup goals for sites contaminated with persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are often established based on total contaminant concentrations. However, mounting evidence suggests that understanding contaminant bioavailability in soils is necessary for accurate assessment of contaminant exposure to humans via oral ingestion pathway. Animal-based in vivo tests have been used to assess contaminant bioavailability in soils; however, due to ethical issues and cost, it is desirable to use in vitro assays as alternatives.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFHuman cornea is highly susceptible to damage by dust. Continued daily exposure to housedust has been associated with increasing risks of corneal injury, however, the underlying mechanism has not been elucidated. In this study, a composite housedust sample was tested for its cytotoxicity on primary human corneal epithelial (PHCE) cells, which were exposed to dust at 5-320μg/100μL for 24h.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFIncidental ingestion of indoor dust is an important pathway for human exposure to organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) and phthalate esters (PAEs). However, little is known about their bioaccessibility in indoor dust. In this study, indoor dust samples were collected from houses, offices, public microenvironments (PMEs), and university dorms, and physiologically based extraction test (PBET) was used to measure the bioaccessibility of OPFRs and PAEs in these dust samples.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFWe present a sensitive and quick way to determine benzene, toluene and dimethylbenzene (BTEX) in air, applying a cataluminescence (CTL) sensor based on a nano-sized composite material, γ-Al2O3/PtO2. The factors that affect the sensor's performance were studied, including the sensing material, temperature, rate of air carrier and wavelength. It was shown that when Pt accounted for 0.
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