Local Structure-Induced Selective Interactions Enables High-Performance and Burn-in-Free Organic Photovoltaics.

Oligomeric acceptors (OAs) have attracted considerable attention in the organic photovoltaics (OPV) field owing to their capacity in balancing the merits from both monomeric and polymeric acceptors. A delicate control over the distortion between blocks of OAs usually determines the performance and stability of relevant OPV devices. However, it imposes great complexity to realize a controllable degree of distortion by tuning the skeleton of blocks and the position of linker between blocks.

A novel hollow flower shaped CuS antibacterial agent for removing sulfonamide in water environment: effects of composite with magnetic biochar, differential adsorption, and mechanism study.

In this study, hollow nanoflower spherical CuS and CuS/FeO@BC with adsorption and antibacterial properties was prepared by coprecipitation and solvothermal method, respectively. The adsorption results showed that the CuS exhibited excellent adsorption performance on sulfonamide antibiotics (SAs), especially for sulfamethoxazole (SMZ). The optimal addition amount of CuS is 0.

Research on the NI-MLA Method for Enhancing the Spot Position Detection Accuracy of Quadrant Detectors Under Atmospheric Turbulence.

The distorted spots induced by atmospheric turbulence significantly degrade the spot position detection accuracy of the quadrant detector (QD). In this paper, we utilize angular measurement and homogenization characteristics of non-imaging microlens array (NI-MLA) systems, effectively reducing the distortion degree of the spots received on the QD target surface, thereby significantly enhancing the spot detection accuracy of the QD. First, based on the principles of geometric optics and Fourier optics, it is proved that the NI-MLA system possesses the angular measurement characteristic (AMC) within the paraxial region while deriving and verifying the focal length of the system.

Tetrahydrofuran Processable Organic Solar Cells with 19.45% Efficiency Realized by Introducing High Molecular Dipole Unit Into the Terpolymer.

Developing organic solar cells (OSCs) processable with halogen-free, non-aromatic solvents is crucial for practical applications, yet challenging due to the limited solubility of most photoactive materials. This study introduces high-performance terpolymers processable in tetrahydrofuran (THF) by incorporating dithienophthalimide (DPI) into the PM6 backbone. DPI extends the absorption band, lowers HOMO levels, and improves THF solubility and film crystallinity through its large dipole moment effect.

Correlation of Processing and Structure in an Ethylene-Glycol Side-Chain Modified Polythiophene via Combined X-Ray Scattering and 4D Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy.

The results of a combined grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS) and 4D scanning transmission microscopy (4D-STEM) analysis of the effects of thermal processing on poly(3[2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy]-methylthiophene-2,5-diyl) are reported, a conjugated semiconducting polymer used as the active layer in organic electrochemical transistor devices. GIWAXS provides a measure of overall crystallinity in the film, while 4D-STEM produces real-space maps of the morphology and orientation of individual crystallites along with their spatial extent and distribution. The sensitivity of the 4D-STEM detector allows for collection of electron diffraction patterns at each position in an image scan while limiting the imparted electron dose to below the damage threshold.

MRI-based deep learning for differentiating between bipolar and major depressive disorders.

Mood disorders, particularly bipolar disorder (BD) and major depressive disorder (MDD), manifest changes in brain structure that can be detected using structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Although structural MRI is a promising diagnostic tool, prevailing diagnostic criteria for BD and MDD are predominantly subjective, sometimes leading to misdiagnosis. This challenge is compounded by a limited understanding of the underlying causes of these disorders.

Enhancing Thermal Stability of Perovskite Solar Cells through Thermal Transition and Thin Film Crystallization Engineering of Polymeric Hole Transport Layers.

Organic hole transport layers (HTLs) have been known to be susceptible to thermal stress, leading to poor long-term stability in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). We synthesized three 2,5-dialkoxy-substituted, 1,4-bis(2-thienyl)phenylene (TPT)-based conjugated polymers (CPs) linked with thiophene-based (thiophene (T) and thienothiophene (TT)) comonomers and evaluated them as HTLs in n-i-p PSCs. TPT-T (MB/C6), which has branched 2-methylbutyl and linear hexyl (MB/C6) side chains, emerged as a promising HTL candidate, enabling power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) greater than 15%.

Induced Ferroptosis Pathway by Regulating Cellular Lipid Peroxidation With Peroxynitrite Generator for Reversing "Cold" Tumors.

Overcoming the resistance of tumor cells to apoptosis and immunosuppression is an important challenge to improve tumor immunotherapy. Non-apoptotic death mode of ferroptosis has been regarded as a new strategy to enhance tumor immunotherapy against drug-resistant cancers. The lethal accumulation of lipid peroxides (LPO) determines the progress of ferroptosis.

Interdependence of Support Wettability - Electrodeposition Rate- Sodium Metal Anode and SEI Microstructure.

This study examines how current collector support chemistry (sodiophilic intermetallic NaTe vs. sodiophobic baseline Cu) and electrodeposition rate affect microstructure of sodium metal and its solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). Capacity and current (6 mAh cm, 0.

Anion Relay Chemistry Enables Stereoselective Carbonyl-Alkyne Metathesis Reactions.

Dithiane chemistry is increasingly advantageous in the development of novel anion relay chemistry (ARC) modes that harness their umpolung properties to address new chemical challenges. Herein, we report the use of an ARC strategy to promote the regioselective carbonyl alkyne metathesis (CAM) of various carbonyl compounds with alkynyl 1,3-dithianes. Notably, this ARC transformation provides a platform for obtaining stereodefined polysubstituted 1,3-dienes.

Customized A-D-A type molecule to construct a nitric oxide nanogenerator with enhanced antibacterial activity for infected wound healing.

Bacterial infections pose an increasingly serious threat to global health due to the development of drug-resistant strains. Developing a method to efficiently kill bacteria and promote tissue repair is imperative to decrease the damage from bacterial infection, especially infected wounds. Herein, a biofriendly and light-controlled nitric oxide (NO) generator HFB with simultaneous bacterial killing and wound repair properties is reported based on a tailored light-responsive molecule F(EIBC).

Regioselective Synthesis of Multisubstituted 2,3-Dihydrooxazoles by 1,3-Dithiane Umpolung.

Herein, we report a novel strategy for the regioselective synthesis of aromatic and heteroaromatic 2,3-dihydrooxazoles from 2-alkynyl-1,3-dithianes and nitrones. This method exploits the 1,3-dithiane umpolung, nucleophilic cycloaddition, and rearrangement processes to achieve the rapid assembly of dihydrooxazole molecules. The regioselective method is extremely mild, achieving complete conversion within one min under air at 25 °C with high efficiency.

Tuning molecular assembly behavior to amplify the sonodynamic activity of porphyrins for efficient antibacterial therapy.

Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) is a promising strategy to treat deep-seated bacterial infections with good tissue penetration and spatiotemporal controllability. However, the low ROS generation efficiency of current sonosensitizers limits the development of SDT. Herein, we report a porphyrin derivative, TAPyPP-2, the sonodynamic activity of which is enhanced with less oxygen dependence by tuning its molecular assembly behavior.

Nanometer Control of Ruddlesden-Popper Interlayers by Thermal Evaporation for Efficient Perovskite Photovoltaics.

Solution-processed Ruddlesden-Popper (RP) interlayers in lead halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) present processing challenges due to fast film formation and uncontrolled growth of phases and layer thickness at interfaces. In this work, an alternative, solvent-free, thermal co-evaporation process is developed to deposit RP interlayers. The method provides precise control on interlayer thickness and enables understanding its role on charge-carrier extraction.

Bromine Incorporation Affects Phase Transformations and Thermal Stability of Lead Halide Perovskites.

Mixed-cation and mixed-halide lead halide perovskites show great potential for their application in photovoltaics. Many of the high-performance compositions are made of cesium, formamidinium, lead, iodine, and bromine. However, incorporating bromine in iodine-rich compositions and its effects on the thermal stability of the perovskite structure has not been thoroughly studied.

Tailoring Interface Energies via Phosphonic Acids to Grow and Stabilize Cubic FAPbI Deposited by Thermal Evaporation.

Coevaporation of formamidinium lead iodide (FAPbI) is a promising route for the fabrication of highly efficient and scalable optoelectronic devices, such as perovskite solar cells. However, it poses experimental challenges in achieving stoichiometric FAPbI films with a cubic structure (α-FAPbI). In this work, we show that undesired hexagonal phases of both PbI and FAPbI form during thermal evaporation, including the well-known 2H-FAPbI, which are detrimental for optoelectronic performance.

Assembling Vertical Block Copolymer Nanopores via Solvent Vapor Annealing on Homopolymer-Functionalized Substrates.

Utilizing the self-assembly of block copolymers with large Flory-Huggins interaction parameters (χ) for nanofabrication is a formidable challenge due to the attendant large surface energy differences between the blocks. This work reports a robust protocol for the fabrication of thin films with highly ordered cylindrical nanopore arrays via the self-assembly of an asymmetric poly(styrene--4-vinylpyridine) (PS--P4VP) diblock copolymer blended with a P4VP homopolymer. The desired vertical domain orientation is achieved at the air-polymer interface by controlled solvent vapor annealing (SVA) using acetone, a solvent with weak selectivity for PS over P4VP, and at the substrate interface by functionalization using a hydroxy-terminated poly(2-vinylpyridine) (P2VP-OH) homopolymer brush.

Mechanistic understanding of speciated oxide growth in high entropy alloys.

Complex multi-element alloys are gaining prominence for structural applications, supplementing steels, and superalloys. Understanding the impact of each element on alloy surfaces due to oxidation is vital in maintaining material integrity. This study investigates oxidation mechanisms in these alloys using a model five-element equiatomic CoCrFeNiMn alloy, in a controlled oxygen environment.

Improving Miscibility of Polymer Donor and Polymer Acceptor by Reducing Chain Entanglement for Realizing 18.64 % Efficiency All Polymer Solar Cells.

All-polymer solar cells have experienced rapid development in recent years by the emergence of polymerized small molecular acceptors (PSMAs). However, the strong chain entanglements of polymer donors (Ps) and polymer acceptors (Ps) decrease the miscibility of the resulting polymer mixtures, making it challenging to optimize the blend morphology. Herein, we designed three Ps, namely PBTPICm-BDD, PBTPICγ-BDD and PBTPICF-BDD, by smartly using a BDD unit as the polymerized unit to copolymerize with different Y-typed non-fullerene small molecular acceptors (NF-SMAs), thus achieving a certain degree of distortion and giving the polymer system enough internal space to reduce the entanglements of the polymer chains.

Site-selective synthesis of indanyl-substituted indole derivatives 1,3-dithiane induced Nazarov cyclization.

We report an efficient site-selective synthetic method to C2 and C3 indanyl-substituted indole derivatives 1,3-dithianyl induced Nazarov-type cyclization. In particular, C2-selective indanyl-substituted indoles were directly obtained by a BF·EtO-promoted sequence of intramolecular C3-C2 migration and Nazarov-type cyclization process.

Dynamic Transformation of High-Architectural Nanocrystal Superlattices upon Solvent Molecule Exposure.

The cluster-based body-centered-cubic superlattice (cBCC SL) represents one of the most complicated structures among reported nanocrystal assemblies, comprised of 72 truncated tetrahedral quantum dots per unit cell. Our previous report revealed that truncated tetrahedral quantum dots within cBCC SLs possessed highly controlled translational and orientational order owing to an unusual energetic landscape based on the balancing of entropic and enthalpic contributions during the assembly process. However, the cBCC SL's structural transformability and mechanical properties, uniquely originating from such complicated nanostructures, have yet to be investigated.

Combination of Counterion Size and Doping Concentration Determines the Electronic and Thermoelectric Properties of Semiconducting Polymers.

In both chemical and electrochemical doping of organic semiconductors (OSCs), a counterion, either from the electrolyte or ionized dopant, balances the charge introduced to the OSC. Despite the large influence of this counterion on OSC optical and electronic response, there remains substantial debate on how a fundamental parameter, ion size, impacts these properties. This work resolves much of this debate by accounting for two doping regimes.

Layer-by-Layer Organic Solar Cells Enabled by 1,3,4-Selenadiazole-Containing Crystalline Small Molecule with Double-Fibril Network Morphology.

A double-fibril network of the photoactive layer morphology is recognized as an ideal structure facilitating exciton diffusion and charge carrier transport for high-performance organic solar cells (OSCs). However, in the layer-by-layer processed OSCs (LbL-OSCs), polymer donors and small molecule acceptors (SMAs) are separately deposited, and it is challenging to realize a fibril network of pure SMAs with the absence of tight interchain entanglement as polymers. In this work, crystalline small molecule donors (SMDs), named TDZ-3TR and SeDZ-3TR, were designed and introduced into the L8-BO acceptor solution, forcing the phase separation and molecular fibrilization.

Crossbreeding Effect of Chalcogenation and Iodination on Benzene Additives Enables Optimized Morphology and 19.68% Efficiency of Organic Solar Cells.

Volatile solid additives have attracted increasing attention in optimizing the morphology and improving the performance of currently dominated non-fullerene acceptor-based organic solar cells (OSCs). However, the underlying principles governing the rational design of volatile solid additives remain elusive. Herein, a series of efficient volatile solid additives are successfully developed by the crossbreeding effect of chalcogenation and iodination for optimizing the morphology and improving the photovoltaic performances of OSCs.