Variable marine environmental conditions, particularly at the sea surface, present considerable challenges to cross-media laser transmission. This study simulates uplink laser transmission through a seawater-sea surface-air channel via ray tracing and Monte Carlo methods, with an emphasis on the impacts of the sea surface channel. A spatial model of the sea surface is introduced, which uses a wave spectrum and fast Fourier transform technology, and the results are compared against those of a classical statistical model.
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