The mitochondrial unfolded protein response: A multitasking giant in the fight against human diseases.

Mitochondria, which serve as the energy factories of cells, are involved in cell differentiation, calcium homeostasis, amino acid and fatty acid metabolism and apoptosis. In response to environmental stresses, mitochondrial homeostasis is regulated at both the organelle and molecular levels to effectively maintain the number and function of mitochondria. The mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPR) is an adaptive intracellular stress mechanism that responds to stress signals by promoting the transcription of genes encoding mitochondrial chaperones and proteases.

[Huangqin Qingre Chubi Capsules in improving oxidative stress of patients with ankylosing spondylitis via activating PPARγ mediated AMPK/FOXO3a pathway].

To investigate the efficacy of Huangqin Qingre Chubi Capsules(HQC) in patients with ankylosing spondylitis(AS) and its effect on oxidative stress, and to explore its possible mechanism. Fifty-eight cases of AS patients were randomly divided into HQC group and salazosulfapyridine(SASP) group. Another 30 healthy people were employed as a control group.

Triptolide protects against TGF-β1-induced pulmonary fibrosis by regulating FAK/calpain signaling.

The present study aimed to investigate the mechanism of anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects of triptolide (TPL) on activated lung fibroblasts by regulating the focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and calpain signaling pathways. The HFL-1 human foetal lung fibroblast cell line was cultured and treated with 50 ng/ml transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 for 48 h to establish the model of pulmonary fibrosis. Subsequently, the cells were divided into five groups, including a control, model, TPL, FAK inhibitor and calpeptin group.

A Novel Chinese Medicine, Xinfeng Capsule, Modulates Proinflammatory Cytokines via Regulating the Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4)/Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK)/Nuclear Kappa B (NF-κB) Signaling Pathway in an Adjuvant Arthritis Rat Model.

BACKGROUND Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease targeting joints. This research aimed to explore the effects of Xinfeng capsules (XFC) on cardiac injury in adjuvant arthritis (AA) model rats and assessed the associated mechanism. MATERIAL AND METHODS An adjuvant arthritis (AA) rat model was established by intracutaneously injection with Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA).

Drug-containing serum of Xinfeng capsules protect against H9C2 from death by enhancing miRNA-21 and inhibiting toll-like receptor 4/phosphorylated p-38 (p-p38)/p-p65 signaling pathway and proinflammatory cytokines expression.

Objective: To investigate effect of drug-containing serum of Xinfeng capsules on myocardial cell growth.

Methods: Drug-containing serum of Xinfeng capsules rat models were established by intragastricly administrated Xinfeng capsules. MTT assay was used to evaluated H9C2 cells viability.

Mechanism studies of Xinfeng capsule on improving cardiovascular function though toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor kappa B pathway in a rat model of adjuvant arthritis.

Objective: To observe the impact of Xinfeng capsule (XFC) on cardiovascular function in adjuvant arthritis (AA) model rats and investigate the mechanism though toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway.

Methods: Seventy rats were randomly divided into seven groups: normal control (NC), model control (MC), tripterygium glycosides tablet (TPT), methotrexate (MTX), high, moderate and low dose XFC group. The administration began from day 19 after modeling for 30 day.

Xinfeng capsule for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis patients with decreased pulmonary function--a randomized controlled clinical trial.

Objective: To determine the effectiveness and safety of Xinfeng Capsules (XFC) for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients with decreased pulmonary function.

Methods: This was a randomized controlled clinical trial of 80 RA patients. Participants were assigned to the trial group (40 cases) and the control group (40 cases) by block randomization.

Use of xinfeng capsule to treat abarticular pathologic changes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

Objective: To observe the influence of Xinfengcapsule (XFC) on abarticular pathologic changes (APCs) and other indices of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and explore the mechanism of action of XFC in improving such changes.

Methods: Three-hundred RA patients were divided randomly into a treatment group (n = 150) and control group (n = 150). A normal control (NC) group (n = 90) was also created.

Effects of Xinfeng Capsule on the expression of platelet derived growth factor in synovium of adjuvant arthritis rats.

Objective: To observe the effects of Xinfeng Capsule (, XFC) on platelet parameters in peripheral blood and expression of platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) in synovium of adjuvant arthritis (AA) rats.

Methods: A total of 40 male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomized into 5 groups: normal control (NC), AA model control (MC), methotrexate (MTX) treatment, Tripterygium wilfordii polycoride tablet (TPT) treatment, and XFC treatment. Excluding the NC group, the AA model was induced by intracutaneous injection of 0.

[Effect of Xinfeng Capsule on lung function in rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis and its mechanism].

Objective: To investigate the effects of Xinfeng Capsule (XFC) on pulmonary function and related mechanism in adjuvant-induced arthritis (AA) rats.

Methods: The rats were randomly divided into five groups: normal control (NC), model control (MC) groups, methotrexate (MTX), tripterygium glycosides tablet (TPT) and Xinfeng capsule (XFC) treatment groups. The adjuvant-induced arthritis model was established by intracutaneous injection of 0.

Effects of xinfeng capsule on pulmonary function based on treg-mediated notch pathway in a rat model of adjuvant arthritis.

Objective: To observe the impact of xinfeng xapsule (XFC) on pulmonary function in a rat model of adjuvant arthritis (AA) and to investigate the mechanism of action.

Methods: Forty rats were randomly divided into four groups of ten: normal control (NC); model control (MC); tripterygium glycosides tablet (TPT); and xinfeng capsule (XFC). Except for the NC group, AA was induced in all rats by intracutaneous injection of 0.

Effects of xinfeng capsules on expression of platelet granule membrane protein 140 and platelet cluster of differentiation 40 ligand in peripheral blood of adjuvant arthritis rats.

Platelet GMP-140 and CD40L as specific markers of platelet activation play an important role in the morbidity and development of rheumatoid arthritis. The expression of GMP-140, CD40L increases in peripheral blood of AA rats. And they have correlation with voix pedis' swelling, AI.

[Effects of Chinese herbal medicine Xinfeng Capsule on expressions of platelet-activating factor and interleukins 6 and 17 in peripheral blood of rats with adjuvant arthritis].

Objective: To observe the levels of platelet-activating factor (PAF), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-17 in peripheral blood of rats with adjuvant arthritis (AA), and the effects of Xinfeng Capsule (XFC), a compound traditional Chinese herbal medicine.

Methods: A total of 40 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into normal control group, model group, methotrexate (MTX) group, Tripterygium Wilfordii polycoride Tablet (TPT) group, and XFC group, respectively. AA was induced in rats by intracutaneous injection of 0.

[Effects of Xinfeng Capsule on behaviors and myocardial ultrastructure in adjuvant arthritis rats].

Objective: To observe the effects of Xinfeng Capsule (XFC), a compound Chinese herbal medicine, on behaviors and myocardial ultrastructure in adjuvant arthritis (AA) rats.

Methods: Fifty-five rats were randomly divided into normal control group, untreated group, methotrexate (MTX) group, Tripterygium wilfordii glycosides tablet (TGT) group and XFC group. There were 11 rats in each group.