Evolution of membrane fouling and cleaning strategy development in municipal wastewater reclamation by nanofiltration.

Membrane fouling is a serious concern in municipal wastewater treatment using nanofiltration (NF). The variation of NF membrane fouling at different operational durations were monitored and evaluated to understand the evolution of fouling mechanism in the present study. Six representative cleaning methods were picked for tests to deconstruct the structure and composition of the fouling layers on membrane surface.

Microalgae-based wastewater treatment for nutrients recovery: A review.

The water resource crisis and concerns with environmental pollution are pushing for upgrading of conventional wastewater treatment process. Microalgae-based wastewater treatment process has shown many advantages that can meet the new demand for improved wastewater treatment. However, considering the issues related to the complexity of wastewater characteristics and adaptability of microalgae species, and the challenges to the design and optimization of treatment processes in order to achieve higher removal efficiencies with lower costs, further exploration and research are still needed.