Parkinson-like early autonomic dysfunction induced by vagal application of DOPAL in rats.

Aim: To understand why autonomic failures, a common non-motor symptom of Parkinson's disease (PD), occur earlier than typical motor disorders.

Methods: Vagal application of DOPAL (3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde) to simulate PD-like autonomic dysfunction and understand the connection between PD and cardiovascular dysfunction. Molecular and morphological approaches were employed to test the time-dependent alternation of α-synuclein aggregation and the ultrastructure changes in the heart and nodose (NG)/nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS).

[Breakthrough bleeding in adult patients with severe hemophilia A receiving low- and intermediate-dose FVIII for tertiary prophylaxis: characteristics and influencing factors].

Objective: To investigate the characteristics of breakthrough bleeding in adult patients with severe hemophilia A (SHA) receiving low- and intermediate-dose FVIII for tertiary prophylaxis and explore the factors affecting the outcomes of the treatment.

Methods: Forty-nine patients (mean age 31.53∓7.

Three-dimensional bioprinting is not only about cell-laden structures.

In this review, we focused on a few obstacles that hinder three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting process in tissue engineering. One of the obstacles is the bioinks used to deliver cells. Hydrogels are the most widely used bioink materials; however, they aremechanically weak in nature and cannot meet the requirements for supporting structures, especially when the tissues, such as cartilage, require extracellular matrix to be mechanically strong.

[Effect of Tongxinluo on nestin and vascular endothehal growth factor mRNA expression in rat brain tissue after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury].

Objective: To investigate the expressions of nestin and vascular endothehal growth factor (VEGF) mRNAs in rat brain tissue after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury and their changes in response to Tongxinluo (a traditional Chinese herbal preparation) treatment.

Methods: Cerebral ischemia was induced in rats by temporary middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) followed by treatment with Tongxinluo at high and low doses. On days 3, 7, 14 and 21 after MCAO, nestin and VEGF mRNA expressions in the ependyma, subventricular zone (SVZ), and hippocampal subdentate gyrus zone (HDG) in the ischemic hemisphere were quantitatively analyzed using immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR.

[Roles of cyclooxygenase 2/2', 3'-cyclic nucleotide3' phosphohydrolase in the oligodendrocyte apoptosis in heroin-induced spongiform leucoencephalopathy].

Objective: To investigate the regulation of cyclooxygenase (Cox)-2/2', 3'-cyclic nucleotide3' phosphohydrolase (CNPase) on the oligodendrocyte apoptosis in the pathogenesis of the heroin-induced spongiform leucoencephalopathy (HSLE).

Methods: Samples of frontal lobe, cerebellum, and corpus callosum were obtained from the brains during autopsy of 4 HSLE patients and 5 patients who died of diseases other than cerebral diseases (controls) and underwent light microscopy and electron microscopy. Immunocytochemistry was carried out to detect the expression of myelin basic protein (MBP), caspase-3, COX-2, and CNPase protein.

[Roles of bcl-2/bax expression and oligodendrocyte apoptosis in the pathogenesis of heroin-induced spongiform leucoencephalopathy].

Objective: To investigate the role of oligodendrocyte apoptosis under the regulation of the bcl-2/bax protein expression in brain white matter in the pathogenesis of heroin-induced spongiform leucoencephalopathy (HSLE).

Methods: Samples of frontal lobe, cerebellum, and corpus callosum were obtained from the brains during autopsy of 4 HSLE cases and 5 normal controls and underwent light microscopy and electron microscopy. Immunocytochemistry was used to detect the expression of myelin basic protein (MBP), caspase-3, bcl-2 protein, and bax protein.

[Effect of Tongxinluo on the proliferation and differentiation of rat embryonic neural stem cells].

Objective: To investigate the effect of Tongxinluo in on the proliferation and differentiation of rat embryonic neural stem cells (NSCs).

Methods: NSCs were isolated from 12- to 14-day SD rat embryo and treated with Tongxinluo at different doses, and the proliferation and differentiation of the cells were observed by immunofluorescence staining at different time points.

Results: The ratio of embryonic NSCs labeled with nestin decreased soon after Tongxinluo treatment, but increased afterwards.

[Nestin activation after rat cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury and its changes in response to Tongxinluo treatment].

Objective: To investigate nestin activation in rat brain subjected to ischemia-reperfusion injury and its changes in response to Tongxinluo treatment.

Methods: Cerebral ischemia was induced by temporary middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in rats. At 3, 7, 14 and 21 days after MCAO, nestin expression in the ependyma, subventricular zone (SVZ), hippocampal subdentate gyrus zone (HDG) of the rats treated with Tongxinluo were guantified by immunohistochemistry.