Retinal Nerve and Vascular Changes in Prediabetes.

Objective: This study aimed to observe vascular and neuroretinal alterations in people with prediabetes [impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT)] and normal glucose metabolism.

Methods: A total of 21 patients with prediabetes (42 eyes) and 20 healthy controls (40 eyes) participated in our study. All patients underwent a complete eye examination [including fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) and optical coherence tomography (OCT)] and a related general examination (complete biochemical analysis, routine blood tests, and glycosylated hemoglobin).

Inhibition of retinal ganglion cell apoptosis: regulation of mitochondrial function by PACAP.

Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is an endogenous peptide with neuroprotective effects on retinal neurons, but the precise mechanism underlying these effects remains unknown. Considering the abundance of mitochondria in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), we postulate that the protective effect of PACAP is associated with the regulation of mitochondrial function. RGC-5 cells were subjected to serum deprivation for 48 hours to induce apoptosis in the presence or absence of 100 nM PACAP.