The Social Structure of Mortgage Discrimination.

In the decade leading up to the U.S. housing crisis, black and Latino borrowers disproportionately received high-cost, high-risk mortgages-a lending disparity well documented by prior quantitative studies.

Riding the Stagecoach to Hell: A Qualitative Analysis of Racial Discrimination in Mortgage Lending.

Recent studies have used statistical methods to show that minorities were more likely than equally qualified whites to receive high cost, high risk loans during the U.S. housing boom, evidence taken to suggest widespread discrimination in the mortgage lending industry.

Evidence Supports No Relationship between Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Premolar Extraction: An Electronic Health Records Review.

Objective: A controversy exists concerning the relationship, if any, between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and the anatomical position of the anterior teeth. Specifically, there has been speculation that extraction orthodontics and retraction of the anterior teeth contributes to OSA by crowding the tongue and decreasing airway space. This retrospective study utilized electronic medical and dental health records to examine the association between missing premolars and OSA.

Race, Space, and Cumulative Disadvantage: A Case Study of the Subprime Lending Collapse.

In this article, we describe how residential segregation and individual racial disparities generate racialized patterns of subprime lending and lead to financial loss among black borrowers in segregated cities. We conceptualize race as a cumulative disadvantage because of its direct and indirect effects on socioeconomic status at the individual and neighborhood levels, with consequences that reverberate across a borrower's life and between generations. Using Baltimore, Maryland as a case study setting, we combine data from reports filed under the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act with additional loan-level data from mortgage-backed securities.

Segregation in Post-Civil Rights America: Stalled Integration or End of the Segregated Century?

In this paper we adjudicate between competing claims of persisting segregation and rapid integration by analyzing trends in residential dissimilarity and spatial isolation for African Americans, Hispanics, and Asians living in 287 consistently defined metropolitan areas from 1970 to 2010. On average, black segregation and isolation have fallen steadily but still remain very high in many areas, particularly those areas historically characterized by hypersegregation. In contrast, Hispanic segregation has increased slightly but Hispanic isolation has risen substantially owing to rapid population growth.

Career transition and dental school faculty development program.

Academic dentistry, as a career track, is not attracting sufficient numbers of new recruits to maintain a corps of skilled dental educators. The Faculty Development Program (FDP) at the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio Dental School received federal funds to institute a 7-component program to enhance faculty recruitment and retention and provide training in skills associated with success in academics including:(1) a Teaching Excellence and Academic Skills (TExAS)Fellowship, (2) training in research methodology,evidence-based practice research, and information management, (3) an annual dental hygiene faculty development workshop for dental hygiene faculty, (4) a Teaching Honors Program and Academic Dental Careers Fellowship to cultivate students' interest in educational careers, (5) an Interprofessional Primary Care Rotation,(6) advanced education support toward a master's degree in public health, and (7) a key focus of the entire FDP, an annual Career Transition Workshop to facilitate movement from the practice arena to the educational arm of the profession.The Career Transition Workshop is a cap stone for the FDP; its goal is to build a bridge from practice to academic environment.

New evidence on racial and ethnic disparities in homeownership in the United States from 2001 to 2010.

Using 2001-2010 homeownership data for the United States we analyze changes in racial and ethnic disparities between whites and blacks, Asians, Mexicans, Cubans, Puerto Ricans and other Hispanics. We employ Integrated Public Use Microdata (IPUMS) combined with local credit scores and house price to income ratios. Controlling for demographic, income, wealth, employment, and housing characteristics, we find no significant differences between whites and Asians, Mexicans, or Cubans.

Transferring evidence-based information from dental school to practitioners: a pilot "academic detailing" program involving dental students.

An academic detailing program involving dental students as the academic detailers was conducted at the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio Dental School in 2008 and 2009. Students were trained to visit general dentists and present critically appraised topic (CAT) documents in a face-to-face intervention. Thirty-eight students visited 143 general dentists during summer vacation breaks.

Teaching evidence-based practice at the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio dental school.

The overarching goal of the Evidence-Based Practice Program at San Antonio is to provide our graduates with life-long learning skills that will enable them to keep up-to-date and equip them with the best possible patient care skills during their 30-40 years of practice. Students are taught to (1) ask focused clinical questions, (2) search the biomedical research literature (PubMed) for the most recent and highest level of evidence, (3) critically evaluate the evidence, and (4) make clinical judgments about the applicability of the evidence for their patients. Students must demonstrate competency with these "just-in-time" learning skills through writing concise one-page Critically Appraised Topics (CATs) on focused clinical questions.

Validation of an instrument to assess evidence-based practice knowledge, attitudes, access, and confidence in the dental environment.

This article reports the validation of an assessment instrument designed to measure the outcomes of training in evidence-based practice (EBP) in the context of dentistry. Four EBP dimensions are measured by this instrument: 1) understanding of EBP concepts, 2) attitudes about EBP, 3) evidence-accessing methods, and 4) confidence in critical appraisal. The instrument-the Knowledge, Attitudes, Access, and Confidence Evaluation (KACE)-has four scales, with a total of thirty-five items: EBP knowledge (ten items), EBP attitudes (ten), accessing evidence (nine), and confidence (six).

Racial Segregation and the American Foreclosure Crisis.

Although the rise in subprime lending and the ensuing wave of foreclosures was partly a result of market forces that have been well-identified in the literature, in the United States it was also a highly racialized process. We argue that residential segregation created a unique niche of poor minority clients who were differentially marketed risky subprime loans that were in great demand for use in mortgage-backed securities that could be sold on secondary markets. We test this argument by regressing foreclosure actions in the top 100 U.

The San Antonio CATs Initiative.

There is evidence from medicine that schools and practitioners are slow to adopt new and proven effective treatments while marketing efforts lead practitioners to too quickly adopt unproven modalities. To address these problems, the dental school at the University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, has developed a program designed to teach students, faculty, and practitioners the skills of accessing the literature as an intrinsic part of treatment. The Critically Appraised Topics (CATs) program is described and evidence is presented showing that participants can be taught to prepare high-quality summaries of the literature pertinent to clinical problems.

The Geography of Undocumented Mexican Migration.

Using data from Mexico's Matrícula Consular program, we analyze the geographic organization of undocumented Mexican migration to the United States. We show that emigration has moved beyond its historical origins in west-central Mexico into the central region and, to a lesser extent, the southeast and border regions. In the United States, traditional gateways continue to dominate, but a variety of new destinations have emerged.

Ozone and TFA impacts in North America from degradation of 2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene (HFO-1234yf), a potential greenhouse gas replacement.

We use a regional-scale, three-dimensional atmospheric model to evaluate U.S. air quality effects that would result from replacing HFC-134a in automobile air conditioners in the U.

Relationship of body mass index to stability of mandibular advancement surgery with rigid fixation.

Introduction: Obesity is a growing problem in the United States. We examined patients undergoing orthognathic surgical correction for Class II skeletal malocclusions and assessed outcomes in relation to body mass index.

Methods: The patients (n = 78) were divided into 3 groups (obese, overweight, and normal or thin) based on body mass index score.

Esthetic preferences of European American, Hispanic American, Japanese, and African judges for soft-tissue profiles.

Introduction: Our objectives were to determine whether observer and patient sex and race or ethnicity determine esthetic preferences for lip positions.

Methods: Four independent panels each consisting of 30 lay judges viewed pretreatment silhouette profiles of 10 European American, 10 Japanese, and 10 African American Angle Class I and Class II orthodontic patients. The panels included European Americans, Hispanic Americans, Japanese, and Africans.

Effects of surgical mandibular advancement and rotation on signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorder: a 2-year follow-up study.

Introduction: The possible effects of orthognathic surgery on signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorder (TMD) are still controversial. We prospectively investigated the association between the amount of advancement and rotation of the mandible during bilateral sagittal split osteotomy (BSSO) and the development of TMD signs and symptoms.

Methods: Class II patients (n = 127) received mandibular advancement with BSSO.

Practice-based comparison of direct and indirect bonding.

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to compare bond-failure prevalences, numbers of appointments, and treatment times between direct and indirect bracket bonding for patients treated in private orthodontic practices.

Methods: A convenience sample was collected from 11 orthodontic offices; 5 orthodontists (772 patients) used a direct bonding technique, and 6 (596 patients) used an indirect technique. Altogether, they examined 29,963 brackets in 1,368 patients.

Alteration of the mandibular plane during sagittal split advancement: short- and long-term stability.

Objectives: We investigated predictors of long- and short-term stability of surgical mandibular advancements with bilateral sagittal split osteotomy (BSSO).

Study Design: Class II patients (n = 127) received mandibular advancement through BSSO with either rigid internal fixation or wire osteosynthesis. We used multiple linear regression analysis to assess the association of predictor variables with post-treatment horizontal and vertical B-point movement through 2 years.

Multi-center randomized clinical trials in oral and maxillofacial surgery: modeling of fixed and random effects.

The multi-center randomized clinical trial (MCCT) is an important tool to evaluate treatment of rare diseases. An important and challenging analytic consideration is how to model the variability of the set of clinical centers composing an MCCT. The purpose of this paper was to demonstrate how changing the assumptions regarding the variability (fixed effect versus random effect) of the set of clinical centers may alter the results.

Predicting human thermal comfort in a transient nonuniform thermal environment.

The National Renewable Energy Laboratory has developed a suite of thermal comfort tools to assist in the development of smaller and more efficient climate control systems in automobiles. These tools, which include a 126-segment sweating manikin, a finite element physiological model of the human body, and a psychological model based on human testing, are designed to predict human thermal comfort in transient, nonuniform thermal environments, such as automobiles. The manikin measures the heat loss from the human body in the vehicle environment and sends the heat flux from each segment to the physiological model.

Five-year outcome and predictability of soft tissue profiles when wire or rigid fixation is used in mandibular advancement surgery.

The purpose of this study was to follow the covariation of hard and soft tissue changes in Class II malocclusion subjects who received a bilateral sagittal split osteotomy. The subjects were randomized to receive wire or rigid fixation after the surgery. Subjects in the rigid group (n = 78) received 2-mm bicortical position screws, and those in the wire group (n = 49) received inferior border wires and 6 weeks of skeletal intermaxillary fixation with 24-gauge wires.

Health-related quality of life and psychosocial function 5 years after orthognathic surgery.

This prospective, multisite, randomized clinical trial evaluated the long-term health-related quality of life and psychosocial function of 93 patients after bilateral sagittal split osteotomy to correct Class II malocclusion. Patients were evaluated approximately 2 weeks before surgery, and 2 and 5 years after surgery. Scores from the Sickness Impact Profile psychosocial dimension and all of its components showed significant improvement from presurgery to 2 and 5 years postsurgery (P <.